{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:4MWMT7GLE233ITRBTUBL4TZBAR","short_pith_number":"pith:4MWMT7GL","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2311.09356","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-11-15T20:33:27Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"c31aa09aed686428b7d0313a5bcdfe8996f94571508706e7c7ab22ad635c3fe0","abstract_canon_sha256":"8c8db2cb2e07f4d9fcc708a1a165598de67cc627aac9739a31e4f5c1a0bef43e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e32cc9fccb26b7b44e219d02be4f21047d0c106bf9b18baa756af3e68fed4c3c","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2311.09356","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2311.09356","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:13:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2311.09356v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:13:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2311.09356","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:13:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4MWMT7GLE233","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:13:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4MWMT7GLE233ITRB","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:13:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4MWMT7GL","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:13:48Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:4MWMT7GLE233ITRBTUBL4TZBAR","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2311.09356","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-11-15T20:33:27Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"c31aa09aed686428b7d0313a5bcdfe8996f94571508706e7c7ab22ad635c3fe0","abstract_canon_sha256":"8c8db2cb2e07f4d9fcc708a1a165598de67cc627aac9739a31e4f5c1a0bef43e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e32cc9fccb26b7b44e219d02be4f21047d0c106bf9b18baa756af3e68fed4c3c","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T09:13:48.290827Z","signature_b64":"rla8Q5BWr9usrevgaJPgjU7SeyPkL+0sBhvus8tIjUoPA5z9lUqnF45UUh7/ANrK/3gddv7wTI6A26YupwmzBg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"e32cc9fccb26b7b44e219d02be4f21047d0c106bf9b18baa756af3e68fed4c3c","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T09:13:48.290370Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T09:13:48.290370Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2311.09356","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T09:13:48Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"sf1HzbT/iBJokDA0UDt1h2KNCf96QmYFytLxmRL75/C5c53Q2owMY3s64FbiqnSsS06VV6bFvu0/MqCbbOcqBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T03:11:06.550787Z"},"content_sha256":"4160c048d46acc59f6f9f1704cc1997bb436e159d84f4b5b5de17bd556586acd","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:4160c048d46acc59f6f9f1704cc1997bb436e159d84f4b5b5de17bd556586acd"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:4MWMT7GLE233ITRBTUBL4TZBAR","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"LePaRD: A Large-Scale Dataset of Judges Citing Precedents","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Alex `Sandy' Pentland, Dominik Stammbach, Elliott Ash, Robert Mahari","submitted_at":"2023-11-15T20:33:27Z","abstract_excerpt":"We present the Legal Passage Retrieval Dataset LePaRD. LePaRD is a massive collection of U.S. federal judicial citations to precedent in context. The dataset aims to facilitate work on legal passage prediction, a challenging practice-oriented legal retrieval and reasoning task. Legal passage prediction seeks to predict relevant passages from precedential court decisions given the context of a legal argument. We extensively evaluate various retrieval approaches on LePaRD, and find that classification appears to work best. However, we note that legal precedent prediction is a difficult task, and"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2311.09356","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2311.09356/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T09:13:48Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"IkC5mRKNfpvFslz1yidUlyF6ZtmO2FcTsDt7LgymhsNEbCyEVS3woutkwOAXE8L5eE4NKzjMqgEyqllHrwaYAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T03:11:06.551300Z"},"content_sha256":"b2ba4b556684fdb544582bdb00c746d48b60027c515d830860fa35e08d82368a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b2ba4b556684fdb544582bdb00c746d48b60027c515d830860fa35e08d82368a"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/4MWMT7GLE233ITRBTUBL4TZBAR/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/4MWMT7GLE233ITRBTUBL4TZBAR/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/4MWMT7GLE233ITRBTUBL4TZBAR/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-09T03:11:06Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/4MWMT7GLE233ITRBTUBL4TZBAR","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/4MWMT7GLE233ITRBTUBL4TZBAR/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/4MWMT7GLE233ITRBTUBL4TZBAR/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/4MWMT7GLE233ITRBTUBL4TZBAR/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:4MWMT7GLE233ITRBTUBL4TZBAR","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"8c8db2cb2e07f4d9fcc708a1a165598de67cc627aac9739a31e4f5c1a0bef43e","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-11-15T20:33:27Z","title_canon_sha256":"c31aa09aed686428b7d0313a5bcdfe8996f94571508706e7c7ab22ad635c3fe0"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2311.09356","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2311.09356","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:13:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2311.09356v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:13:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2311.09356","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:13:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4MWMT7GLE233","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:13:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4MWMT7GLE233ITRB","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:13:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4MWMT7GL","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:13:48Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:b2ba4b556684fdb544582bdb00c746d48b60027c515d830860fa35e08d82368a","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:13:48Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2311.09356/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We present the Legal Passage Retrieval Dataset LePaRD. LePaRD is a massive collection of U.S. federal judicial citations to precedent in context. The dataset aims to facilitate work on legal passage prediction, a challenging practice-oriented legal retrieval and reasoning task. Legal passage prediction seeks to predict relevant passages from precedential court decisions given the context of a legal argument. We extensively evaluate various retrieval approaches on LePaRD, and find that classification appears to work best. However, we note that legal precedent prediction is a difficult task, and","authors_text":"Alex `Sandy' Pentland, Dominik Stammbach, Elliott Ash, Robert Mahari","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-11-15T20:33:27Z","title":"LePaRD: A Large-Scale Dataset of Judges Citing Precedents"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2311.09356","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:4160c048d46acc59f6f9f1704cc1997bb436e159d84f4b5b5de17bd556586acd","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:13:48Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"8c8db2cb2e07f4d9fcc708a1a165598de67cc627aac9739a31e4f5c1a0bef43e","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-11-15T20:33:27Z","title_canon_sha256":"c31aa09aed686428b7d0313a5bcdfe8996f94571508706e7c7ab22ad635c3fe0"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2311.09356","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"e32cc9fccb26b7b44e219d02be4f21047d0c106bf9b18baa756af3e68fed4c3c","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"e32cc9fccb26b7b44e219d02be4f21047d0c106bf9b18baa756af3e68fed4c3c","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T09:13:48.290370Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T09:13:48.290370Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"rla8Q5BWr9usrevgaJPgjU7SeyPkL+0sBhvus8tIjUoPA5z9lUqnF45UUh7/ANrK/3gddv7wTI6A26YupwmzBg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T09:13:48.290827Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2311.09356","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:4160c048d46acc59f6f9f1704cc1997bb436e159d84f4b5b5de17bd556586acd","sha256:b2ba4b556684fdb544582bdb00c746d48b60027c515d830860fa35e08d82368a"],"state_sha256":"ba21dab40b857463fdf2cfb22570696485fcbd0644a642ea447b0f83134c49fe"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ytSTVFvkHPpgetvo22ERL/LET6c40pT25j4h/p7aL7supOLdPdkoExEEp8cnL9+71/gv+pAhv3kwJjTmRbF3Cw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T03:11:06.555488Z","bundle_sha256":"b80fb0338cb7c9742a004989bb64d2b984a747a951598da8a27dac086d0a0340"}}