{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2021:4NL56ONDUJPCNTEOQFEOHFZD6T","short_pith_number":"pith:4NL56OND","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"e357df39a3a25e26cc8e8148e39723f4c5829ba101935715dd7a3dfd065e0761","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2104.05990","version":1},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Mid-infrared nonlinear optics in thin-film lithium niobate on sapphire","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.optics","authors_text":"Amir H. Safavi-Naeini, Carsten Langrock, David Heydari, Edwin Ng, Hideo Mabuchi, Hubert S. Stokowski, Jatadhari Mishra, Marc Jankowski, M. M. Fejer, Timothy P. McKenna","submitted_at":"2021-04-13T07:51:01Z","abstract_excerpt":"Periodically poled thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) waveguides have emerged as a leading platform for highly efficient frequency conversion in the near-infrared. However, the commonly used silica bottom-cladding results in high absorption loss at wavelengths beyond 2.5 $\\mu$m. In this work, we demonstrate efficient frequency conversion in a TFLN-on-sapphire platform, which features high transparency up to 4.5 $\\mu$m. In particular, we report generating mid-infrared light up to 3.66 $\\mu$m via difference-frequency generation of a fixed 1-$\\mu$m source and a tunable telecom source, with normaliz"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2104.05990","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.optics","submitted_at":"2021-04-13T07:51:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"1c408417ffe929867c1e5f2bcdd36c03de0c55b3d47285ed1e279397defd8742","abstract_canon_sha256":"e09a9f950cde90159f9654e64b6e581727f6206361a4333b63d1a739fe7d395e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:31:27.901269Z","signature_b64":"DbeZkH1iQ891ALEx+QpgNuE4XSc5GtURJb0jzsuztwZP4Hg3MAvg6MrmyeCTToCvSfYun2fF5rRlbbXXT4AjBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"e357df39a3a25e26cc8e8148e39723f4c5829ba101935715dd7a3dfd065e0761","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:31:27.900876Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:31:27.900876Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Mid-infrared nonlinear optics in thin-film lithium niobate on sapphire","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.optics","authors_text":"Amir H. Safavi-Naeini, Carsten Langrock, David Heydari, Edwin Ng, Hideo Mabuchi, Hubert S. Stokowski, Jatadhari Mishra, Marc Jankowski, M. M. Fejer, Timothy P. McKenna","submitted_at":"2021-04-13T07:51:01Z","abstract_excerpt":"Periodically poled thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) waveguides have emerged as a leading platform for highly efficient frequency conversion in the near-infrared. However, the commonly used silica bottom-cladding results in high absorption loss at wavelengths beyond 2.5 $\\mu$m. In this work, we demonstrate efficient frequency conversion in a TFLN-on-sapphire platform, which features high transparency up to 4.5 $\\mu$m. In particular, we report generating mid-infrared light up to 3.66 $\\mu$m via difference-frequency generation of a fixed 1-$\\mu$m source and a tunable telecom source, with normaliz"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2104.05990","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2104.05990/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2104.05990","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:31:27.900933+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2104.05990v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:31:27.900933+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2104.05990","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:31:27.900933+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4NL56ONDUJPC","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:31:27.900933+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4NL56ONDUJPCNTEO","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:31:27.900933+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4NL56OND","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:31:27.900933+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":0,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/4NL56ONDUJPCNTEOQFEOHFZD6T","json":"https://pith.science/pith/4NL56ONDUJPCNTEOQFEOHFZD6T.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/4NL56ONDUJPCNTEOQFEOHFZD6T/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/4NL56ONDUJPCNTEOQFEOHFZD6T/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/4NL56OND"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/4NL56ONDUJPCNTEOQFEOHFZD6T","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/4NL56ONDUJPCNTEOQFEOHFZD6T.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/4NL56OND","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=2104.05990&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/4NL56ONDUJPCNTEOQFEOHFZD6T/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/4NL56ONDUJPCNTEOQFEOHFZD6T/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/4NL56ONDUJPCNTEOQFEOHFZD6T/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/4NL56ONDUJPCNTEOQFEOHFZD6T/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/4NL56ONDUJPCNTEOQFEOHFZD6T/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/4NL56ONDUJPCNTEOQFEOHFZD6T/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/4NL56ONDUJPCNTEOQFEOHFZD6T/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:31:27.900933+00:00","updated_at":"2026-07-05T02:31:27.900933+00:00"}