{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:4OHOR3UEHGNRXSQ27XAPCSQB6R","short_pith_number":"pith:4OHOR3UE","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2202.03866","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2022-02-07T07:11:09Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"2edcbf186374db5221ab79b49bc1eb9e6773dfe9d53359d2ec6fc62ab50b6fa3","abstract_canon_sha256":"172d274e4915051047676fb656a6a779c4b69d97d87c895e8ed709b7c693f887"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e38ee8ee84399b1bca1afdc0f14a01f4777f818464d79311b1098fcac1bdc2b0","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2202.03866","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2202.03866","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:55:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2202.03866v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:55:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2202.03866","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:55:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4OHOR3UEHGNR","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:55:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4OHOR3UEHGNRXSQ2","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:55:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4OHOR3UE","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:55:20Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:4OHOR3UEHGNRXSQ27XAPCSQB6R","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2202.03866","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2022-02-07T07:11:09Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"2edcbf186374db5221ab79b49bc1eb9e6773dfe9d53359d2ec6fc62ab50b6fa3","abstract_canon_sha256":"172d274e4915051047676fb656a6a779c4b69d97d87c895e8ed709b7c693f887"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e38ee8ee84399b1bca1afdc0f14a01f4777f818464d79311b1098fcac1bdc2b0","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:55:20.826717Z","signature_b64":"DylMUMPaciR8MdV0Q1XYzn/W6fuas6yvrmA8zUDS7s1vPROJWT8j+jKn1vrWISYR17NFOgiop0Jo+dfDMpAwDw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"e38ee8ee84399b1bca1afdc0f14a01f4777f818464d79311b1098fcac1bdc2b0","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:55:20.826216Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:55:20.826216Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2202.03866","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:55:20Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"AN874hD5s0O2F0QQz8XzbM9huILsf4jZnPZjOBRjtWbD5peuPcHFrPxkvvKXAYeaCeflN4x9BPd72fU1twNuBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T11:55:26.363383Z"},"content_sha256":"da426ba8e70463b2abce7e341d180b4606e12be917b7648f64d9eb025a4ef338","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:da426ba8e70463b2abce7e341d180b4606e12be917b7648f64d9eb025a4ef338"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:4OHOR3UEHGNRXSQ27XAPCSQB6R","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"NFT Wash Trading: Quantifying suspicious behaviour in NFT markets","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Ferdinand Regner, Johannes Rude Jensen, Omri Ross, Victor von Wachter","submitted_at":"2022-02-07T07:11:09Z","abstract_excerpt":"The smart contract-based markets for non-fungible tokens (NFTs) on the Ethereum blockchain have seen tremendous growth in 2021, with trading volumes peaking at 3.5b in September 2021. This dramatic surge has led to industry observers questioning the authenticity of on-chain volumes, given the absence of identity requirements and the ease with which agents can control multiple addresses. We examine potentially illicit trading patterns in the NFT markets from January 2018 to mid-November 2021, gathering data from the 52 largest collections by volume. Our findings indicate that within our sample "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2202.03866","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2202.03866/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:55:20Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"PexFxVmX3+1ycH4X7XB0ig7Yc2xtWEYC3WiigSLehLyTzuVP6m7LH/yawl+7LS7t6yQgN+dPADXntDzyjmTpDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T11:55:26.363760Z"},"content_sha256":"fe497316b59cb36b825832285cd70d65213fbb5ce0475430c8949dc77c3e43d1","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:fe497316b59cb36b825832285cd70d65213fbb5ce0475430c8949dc77c3e43d1"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/4OHOR3UEHGNRXSQ27XAPCSQB6R/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/4OHOR3UEHGNRXSQ27XAPCSQB6R/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/4OHOR3UEHGNRXSQ27XAPCSQB6R/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-07T11:55:26Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/4OHOR3UEHGNRXSQ27XAPCSQB6R","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/4OHOR3UEHGNRXSQ27XAPCSQB6R/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/4OHOR3UEHGNRXSQ27XAPCSQB6R/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/4OHOR3UEHGNRXSQ27XAPCSQB6R/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:4OHOR3UEHGNRXSQ27XAPCSQB6R","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"172d274e4915051047676fb656a6a779c4b69d97d87c895e8ed709b7c693f887","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2022-02-07T07:11:09Z","title_canon_sha256":"2edcbf186374db5221ab79b49bc1eb9e6773dfe9d53359d2ec6fc62ab50b6fa3"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2202.03866","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2202.03866","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:55:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2202.03866v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:55:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2202.03866","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:55:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4OHOR3UEHGNR","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:55:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4OHOR3UEHGNRXSQ2","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:55:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4OHOR3UE","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:55:20Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:fe497316b59cb36b825832285cd70d65213fbb5ce0475430c8949dc77c3e43d1","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:55:20Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2202.03866/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The smart contract-based markets for non-fungible tokens (NFTs) on the Ethereum blockchain have seen tremendous growth in 2021, with trading volumes peaking at 3.5b in September 2021. This dramatic surge has led to industry observers questioning the authenticity of on-chain volumes, given the absence of identity requirements and the ease with which agents can control multiple addresses. We examine potentially illicit trading patterns in the NFT markets from January 2018 to mid-November 2021, gathering data from the 52 largest collections by volume. Our findings indicate that within our sample ","authors_text":"Ferdinand Regner, Johannes Rude Jensen, Omri Ross, Victor von Wachter","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2022-02-07T07:11:09Z","title":"NFT Wash Trading: Quantifying suspicious behaviour in NFT markets"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2202.03866","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:da426ba8e70463b2abce7e341d180b4606e12be917b7648f64d9eb025a4ef338","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:55:20Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"172d274e4915051047676fb656a6a779c4b69d97d87c895e8ed709b7c693f887","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2022-02-07T07:11:09Z","title_canon_sha256":"2edcbf186374db5221ab79b49bc1eb9e6773dfe9d53359d2ec6fc62ab50b6fa3"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2202.03866","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"e38ee8ee84399b1bca1afdc0f14a01f4777f818464d79311b1098fcac1bdc2b0","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"e38ee8ee84399b1bca1afdc0f14a01f4777f818464d79311b1098fcac1bdc2b0","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:55:20.826216Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:55:20.826216Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"DylMUMPaciR8MdV0Q1XYzn/W6fuas6yvrmA8zUDS7s1vPROJWT8j+jKn1vrWISYR17NFOgiop0Jo+dfDMpAwDw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:55:20.826717Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2202.03866","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:da426ba8e70463b2abce7e341d180b4606e12be917b7648f64d9eb025a4ef338","sha256:fe497316b59cb36b825832285cd70d65213fbb5ce0475430c8949dc77c3e43d1"],"state_sha256":"a8cfd9c1de10154122003339819c91a4b4740174a7b1f0bef3f014ea922cf0c4"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"yTygp/tj/olByy+2bUBhGVX/JUkvt9nAK9DHQHXtCdEljoGStVvxRCpuAljYIx8MNLtjgYeUhARtVK1al6HMAg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T11:55:26.365733Z","bundle_sha256":"1d973f83581555fbc25bd317f0ff901425243400f63dda6504007243eb996bcb"}}