{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:4V4A3TPALZGBPFYSNBPRCY2JL7","short_pith_number":"pith:4V4A3TPA","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2304.11285","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-04-22T01:05:48Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CR"],"title_canon_sha256":"2c95b58d32f17fff2f31196cb1c985bc9ba474f41139cefe93e0ac581461b9d7","abstract_canon_sha256":"ff0775bacd9ae3d77bffa8e82e302d55ca0119bda9c30bf8216ef329925350f9"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e5780dcde05e4c179712685f1163495fcf3c643371a4670ab5c0bacc9a4e14df","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2304.11285","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2304.11285","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:04:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2304.11285v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:04:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2304.11285","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:04:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4V4A3TPALZGB","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:04:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4V4A3TPALZGBPFYS","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:04:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4V4A3TPA","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:04:38Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:4V4A3TPALZGBPFYSNBPRCY2JL7","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2304.11285","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-04-22T01:05:48Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CR"],"title_canon_sha256":"2c95b58d32f17fff2f31196cb1c985bc9ba474f41139cefe93e0ac581461b9d7","abstract_canon_sha256":"ff0775bacd9ae3d77bffa8e82e302d55ca0119bda9c30bf8216ef329925350f9"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e5780dcde05e4c179712685f1163495fcf3c643371a4670ab5c0bacc9a4e14df","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:04:38.510729Z","signature_b64":"eWSbv1JUOznxcx9J3OuJn/O1jHyQmbR+dIcDhxxevhlIOkVK3DXrVOYIySkd1H9DF4KKD6eBJ5x6/BzTjXsaBQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"e5780dcde05e4c179712685f1163495fcf3c643371a4670ab5c0bacc9a4e14df","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:04:38.510403Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:04:38.510403Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2304.11285","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:04:38Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ABjMcCD/2V/m53gPRueupGfND6v7cb7grBHpbCyOka/7RJ3PeAyRUbPdWeAbiYxlTZ5WFX/5wL+ctF9NtyUyCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-31T15:21:57.191642Z"},"content_sha256":"52be745ff73e9e7d0f2d33cc71a311975899e8f5fbb994152afd6296c22e27e6","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:52be745ff73e9e7d0f2d33cc71a311975899e8f5fbb994152afd6296c22e27e6"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:4V4A3TPALZGBPFYSNBPRCY2JL7","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Identifying Appropriate Intellectual Property Protection Mechanisms for Machine Learning Models: A Systematization of Watermarking, Fingerprinting, Model Access, and Attacks","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CR"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Andreas Rauber, Isabell Lederer, Rudolf Mayer","submitted_at":"2023-04-22T01:05:48Z","abstract_excerpt":"The commercial use of Machine Learning (ML) is spreading; at the same time, ML models are becoming more complex and more expensive to train, which makes Intellectual Property Protection (IPP) of trained models a pressing issue. Unlike other domains that can build on a solid understanding of the threats, attacks and defenses available to protect their IP, the ML-related research in this regard is still very fragmented. This is also due to a missing unified view as well as a common taxonomy of these aspects.\n  In this paper, we systematize our findings on IPP in ML, while focusing on threats and"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2304.11285","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2304.11285/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:04:38Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"PGskze4wwYtwO8i2J2QTs9CQi8DbtwLb1vigGrJOEK5Da/oBmZeqiyXdSTjjcav144Xohaxo8+4SMgqcx3ywAw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-31T15:21:57.192138Z"},"content_sha256":"462d3c9f593f65fdf204e67937cc98290b38f8c2a64b03c6bf55581ab3655439","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:462d3c9f593f65fdf204e67937cc98290b38f8c2a64b03c6bf55581ab3655439"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/4V4A3TPALZGBPFYSNBPRCY2JL7/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/4V4A3TPALZGBPFYSNBPRCY2JL7/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/4V4A3TPALZGBPFYSNBPRCY2JL7/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-31T15:21:57Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/4V4A3TPALZGBPFYSNBPRCY2JL7","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/4V4A3TPALZGBPFYSNBPRCY2JL7/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/4V4A3TPALZGBPFYSNBPRCY2JL7/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/4V4A3TPALZGBPFYSNBPRCY2JL7/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:4V4A3TPALZGBPFYSNBPRCY2JL7","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ff0775bacd9ae3d77bffa8e82e302d55ca0119bda9c30bf8216ef329925350f9","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CR"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-04-22T01:05:48Z","title_canon_sha256":"2c95b58d32f17fff2f31196cb1c985bc9ba474f41139cefe93e0ac581461b9d7"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2304.11285","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2304.11285","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:04:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2304.11285v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:04:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2304.11285","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:04:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4V4A3TPALZGB","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:04:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4V4A3TPALZGBPFYS","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:04:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4V4A3TPA","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:04:38Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:462d3c9f593f65fdf204e67937cc98290b38f8c2a64b03c6bf55581ab3655439","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:04:38Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2304.11285/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The commercial use of Machine Learning (ML) is spreading; at the same time, ML models are becoming more complex and more expensive to train, which makes Intellectual Property Protection (IPP) of trained models a pressing issue. Unlike other domains that can build on a solid understanding of the threats, attacks and defenses available to protect their IP, the ML-related research in this regard is still very fragmented. This is also due to a missing unified view as well as a common taxonomy of these aspects.\n  In this paper, we systematize our findings on IPP in ML, while focusing on threats and","authors_text":"Andreas Rauber, Isabell Lederer, Rudolf Mayer","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CR"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-04-22T01:05:48Z","title":"Identifying Appropriate Intellectual Property Protection Mechanisms for Machine Learning Models: A Systematization of Watermarking, Fingerprinting, Model Access, and Attacks"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2304.11285","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:52be745ff73e9e7d0f2d33cc71a311975899e8f5fbb994152afd6296c22e27e6","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:04:38Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ff0775bacd9ae3d77bffa8e82e302d55ca0119bda9c30bf8216ef329925350f9","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CR"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-04-22T01:05:48Z","title_canon_sha256":"2c95b58d32f17fff2f31196cb1c985bc9ba474f41139cefe93e0ac581461b9d7"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2304.11285","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"e5780dcde05e4c179712685f1163495fcf3c643371a4670ab5c0bacc9a4e14df","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"e5780dcde05e4c179712685f1163495fcf3c643371a4670ab5c0bacc9a4e14df","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:04:38.510403Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:04:38.510403Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"eWSbv1JUOznxcx9J3OuJn/O1jHyQmbR+dIcDhxxevhlIOkVK3DXrVOYIySkd1H9DF4KKD6eBJ5x6/BzTjXsaBQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:04:38.510729Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2304.11285","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:52be745ff73e9e7d0f2d33cc71a311975899e8f5fbb994152afd6296c22e27e6","sha256:462d3c9f593f65fdf204e67937cc98290b38f8c2a64b03c6bf55581ab3655439"],"state_sha256":"d66d9a730ebca77d676cdb0610f07bda81a2e1d19ec582cde5fbd1add2f2818d"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"k2BqhQ6+YH9QB/yq6C3bZH10j/jgyunfoiKdHZFrNeYXk3T9nh1/qLtmTq9MMqmEWo/4UBVz8bIL+sVvQtjOBQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-31T15:21:57.196933Z","bundle_sha256":"caa4414b5042f8f814698111f480813f43708c19230153c7b0aa6450c180372b"}}