{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2006:4XK7PYWE2H25IPGGUFFKUOKP62","short_pith_number":"pith:4XK7PYWE","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"astro-ph/0608184","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"2006-08-09T08:29:47Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"343467a7c531b9ed2ffebc93938ce25eb6db131d5d89e5a2639d897de648d811","abstract_canon_sha256":"8681f47b9f77040c417364b5d8e733d06a57632f530f474abcad6c2b34df74a1"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e5d5f7e2c4d1f5d43cc6a14aaa394ff6a933a8eb3dd863c51d90d69faaba3cd9","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"astro-ph/0608184","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"astro-ph/0608184","created_at":"2026-07-04T15:19:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"astro-ph/0608184v1","created_at":"2026-07-04T15:19:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0608184","created_at":"2026-07-04T15:19:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4XK7PYWE2H25","created_at":"2026-07-04T15:19:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4XK7PYWE2H25IPGG","created_at":"2026-07-04T15:19:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4XK7PYWE","created_at":"2026-07-04T15:19:10Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2006:4XK7PYWE2H25IPGGUFFKUOKP62","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"astro-ph/0608184","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"2006-08-09T08:29:47Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"343467a7c531b9ed2ffebc93938ce25eb6db131d5d89e5a2639d897de648d811","abstract_canon_sha256":"8681f47b9f77040c417364b5d8e733d06a57632f530f474abcad6c2b34df74a1"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e5d5f7e2c4d1f5d43cc6a14aaa394ff6a933a8eb3dd863c51d90d69faaba3cd9","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-04T15:19:10.534419Z","signature_b64":"+ZDbclBtK3lOEYXoxeyAjl+9jfH3ANpAFwnnLHnvML0n5kFp0p16ajMwwE9EGsdL1sMTxGr3n6SC6RmObhmuBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"e5d5f7e2c4d1f5d43cc6a14aaa394ff6a933a8eb3dd863c51d90d69faaba3cd9","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-04T15:19:10.534054Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-04T15:19:10.534054Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"astro-ph/0608184","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-04T15:19:10Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"i70a/PIK+8iFF4eL+PuNVKp0EEYwhV1QnsbQlbtK8MJ4CXAM94XBKidRaHbjv40/Be/gw4n0dyykPDM5FHQYDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-23T01:24:58.449422Z"},"content_sha256":"6ef3f6c60b7747bf3eb909dcb58ff9b440c21bbc8d249856a393b72b472cfebf","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:6ef3f6c60b7747bf3eb909dcb58ff9b440c21bbc8d249856a393b72b472cfebf"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2006:4XK7PYWE2H25IPGGUFFKUOKP62","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Cosmological model selection","license":"","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph","authors_text":"Andrew R. Liddle, David Parkinson, Pia Mukherjee","submitted_at":"2006-08-09T08:29:47Z","abstract_excerpt":"Model selection aims to determine which theoretical models are most plausible given some data, without necessarily asking about the preferred values of the model parameters. A common model selection question is to ask when new data require introduction of an additional parameter, describing a newly-discovered physical effect. We review several model selection statistics, and then focus on use of the Bayesian evidence, which implements the usual Bayesian analysis framework at the level of models rather than parameters. We describe our CosmoNest code, which is the first computationally-efficient"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"astro-ph/0608184","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/astro-ph/0608184/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-04T15:19:10Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"nQWCQW2zoCCeoprIiDsc58F2q5r3FeCrgAdy4kAJQNGzX5GJqSjAv+l/rwIOKZPEsyFN4aBxOsNrYVpmbHxZDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-23T01:24:58.449917Z"},"content_sha256":"6671ec1f9a82e20927d37bd2712911a0a2c3379811dc6cc94689b45cdd614eed","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:6671ec1f9a82e20927d37bd2712911a0a2c3379811dc6cc94689b45cdd614eed"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/4XK7PYWE2H25IPGGUFFKUOKP62/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/4XK7PYWE2H25IPGGUFFKUOKP62/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/4XK7PYWE2H25IPGGUFFKUOKP62/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-23T01:24:58Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/4XK7PYWE2H25IPGGUFFKUOKP62","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/4XK7PYWE2H25IPGGUFFKUOKP62/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/4XK7PYWE2H25IPGGUFFKUOKP62/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/4XK7PYWE2H25IPGGUFFKUOKP62/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2006:4XK7PYWE2H25IPGGUFFKUOKP62","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"8681f47b9f77040c417364b5d8e733d06a57632f530f474abcad6c2b34df74a1","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"2006-08-09T08:29:47Z","title_canon_sha256":"343467a7c531b9ed2ffebc93938ce25eb6db131d5d89e5a2639d897de648d811"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"astro-ph/0608184","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"astro-ph/0608184","created_at":"2026-07-04T15:19:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"astro-ph/0608184v1","created_at":"2026-07-04T15:19:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0608184","created_at":"2026-07-04T15:19:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4XK7PYWE2H25","created_at":"2026-07-04T15:19:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4XK7PYWE2H25IPGG","created_at":"2026-07-04T15:19:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4XK7PYWE","created_at":"2026-07-04T15:19:10Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:6671ec1f9a82e20927d37bd2712911a0a2c3379811dc6cc94689b45cdd614eed","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-04T15:19:10Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/astro-ph/0608184/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Model selection aims to determine which theoretical models are most plausible given some data, without necessarily asking about the preferred values of the model parameters. A common model selection question is to ask when new data require introduction of an additional parameter, describing a newly-discovered physical effect. We review several model selection statistics, and then focus on use of the Bayesian evidence, which implements the usual Bayesian analysis framework at the level of models rather than parameters. We describe our CosmoNest code, which is the first computationally-efficient","authors_text":"Andrew R. Liddle, David Parkinson, Pia Mukherjee","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"2006-08-09T08:29:47Z","title":"Cosmological model selection"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"astro-ph/0608184","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:6ef3f6c60b7747bf3eb909dcb58ff9b440c21bbc8d249856a393b72b472cfebf","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-04T15:19:10Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"8681f47b9f77040c417364b5d8e733d06a57632f530f474abcad6c2b34df74a1","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"2006-08-09T08:29:47Z","title_canon_sha256":"343467a7c531b9ed2ffebc93938ce25eb6db131d5d89e5a2639d897de648d811"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"astro-ph/0608184","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"e5d5f7e2c4d1f5d43cc6a14aaa394ff6a933a8eb3dd863c51d90d69faaba3cd9","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"e5d5f7e2c4d1f5d43cc6a14aaa394ff6a933a8eb3dd863c51d90d69faaba3cd9","first_computed_at":"2026-07-04T15:19:10.534054Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-04T15:19:10.534054Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"+ZDbclBtK3lOEYXoxeyAjl+9jfH3ANpAFwnnLHnvML0n5kFp0p16ajMwwE9EGsdL1sMTxGr3n6SC6RmObhmuBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-04T15:19:10.534419Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"astro-ph/0608184","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:6ef3f6c60b7747bf3eb909dcb58ff9b440c21bbc8d249856a393b72b472cfebf","sha256:6671ec1f9a82e20927d37bd2712911a0a2c3379811dc6cc94689b45cdd614eed"],"state_sha256":"f8c713290da7ae0d352254677259840e0f5cfae15b171dc3b7515c954930dc5e"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"a83Ehuq6WhlL0Y1RHsbaSoETpLItltcDDxKoyGniU6w5My3wJxTXWUNpKf4ye0LsZ7wfop0xsWBvwpM+pw5RAg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-23T01:24:58.454303Z","bundle_sha256":"9e9af9a86008934e419441669f0f1ee54be63f566c3b5ea3389ff7c417a0a8d7"}}