{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:4ZFWO2SGWZQRKYJH2A2ZD7OWFW","short_pith_number":"pith:4ZFWO2SG","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2405.12894","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2024-05-21T16:04:32Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.IT","cs.LG","math.IT"],"title_canon_sha256":"b6f967dbaee113838d1a6233ce9a772a0972cc836c5c18decbb1a3246387083b","abstract_canon_sha256":"fdeb3ee3b72c4a5393099943f86572713c3cbf42cd4b871ff28abf55de750d8e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e64b676a46b661156127d03591fdd62d87cedfd07211d1ec019b0ba210e3807e","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2405.12894","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2405.12894","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:21:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2405.12894v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:21:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2405.12894","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:21:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4ZFWO2SGWZQR","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:21:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4ZFWO2SGWZQRKYJH","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:21:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4ZFWO2SG","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:21:28Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:4ZFWO2SGWZQRKYJH2A2ZD7OWFW","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2405.12894","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2024-05-21T16:04:32Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.IT","cs.LG","math.IT"],"title_canon_sha256":"b6f967dbaee113838d1a6233ce9a772a0972cc836c5c18decbb1a3246387083b","abstract_canon_sha256":"fdeb3ee3b72c4a5393099943f86572713c3cbf42cd4b871ff28abf55de750d8e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e64b676a46b661156127d03591fdd62d87cedfd07211d1ec019b0ba210e3807e","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:21:28.076593Z","signature_b64":"d/aHdVVjqWMZFFz4QvObjUy2yNVHZja6Lx4DFaQTsZKROHpkftEhxTsW1uKsQA3SwP72e2sha0NKnXkEJcs7Aw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"e64b676a46b661156127d03591fdd62d87cedfd07211d1ec019b0ba210e3807e","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:21:28.075730Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:21:28.075730Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2405.12894","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:21:28Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"CuEFRxEb0fd/h8OCOo3guLGENv0YmNHhltWY92LNe1LMkDh0kOPTM+2rnLXuHoPgwW2qzNM682HPTJ5uHtAZCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-09T02:01:29.409236Z"},"content_sha256":"6ee1eaf0c58d742e8b4caf224760bc9afda26b5825af234bb96ebcfc2238d35d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:6ee1eaf0c58d742e8b4caf224760bc9afda26b5825af234bb96ebcfc2238d35d"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:4ZFWO2SGWZQRKYJH2A2ZD7OWFW","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Decentralized Federated Learning Over Imperfect Communication Channels","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.IT","cs.LG","math.IT"],"primary_cat":"cs.DC","authors_text":"Ekram Hossain, H. Vincent Poor, Jingbo Zhao, Tiejun Lv, Weicai Li, Wei Ni","submitted_at":"2024-05-21T16:04:32Z","abstract_excerpt":"This paper analyzes the impact of imperfect communication channels on decentralized federated learning (D-FL) and subsequently determines the optimal number of local aggregations per training round, adapting to the network topology and imperfect channels. We start by deriving the bias of locally aggregated D-FL models under imperfect channels from the ideal global models requiring perfect channels and aggregations. The bias reveals that excessive local aggregations can accumulate communication errors and degrade convergence. Another important aspect is that we analyze a convergence upper bound"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2405.12894","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2405.12894/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:21:28Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"lcTsQbisbKqDhZYuhUhJKEjQaQVmyj55nXZBkFtDeWmI07kMVXlCkievcXoQ7Jnrx7hQPGnNxKDn1IIJrOjqBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-09T02:01:29.409644Z"},"content_sha256":"08c64133ebd91d7f8df98d01dc56eb6c00716eb2ba265531ed536df2c06e6c5e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:08c64133ebd91d7f8df98d01dc56eb6c00716eb2ba265531ed536df2c06e6c5e"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/4ZFWO2SGWZQRKYJH2A2ZD7OWFW/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/4ZFWO2SGWZQRKYJH2A2ZD7OWFW/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/4ZFWO2SGWZQRKYJH2A2ZD7OWFW/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-09T02:01:29Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/4ZFWO2SGWZQRKYJH2A2ZD7OWFW","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/4ZFWO2SGWZQRKYJH2A2ZD7OWFW/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/4ZFWO2SGWZQRKYJH2A2ZD7OWFW/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/4ZFWO2SGWZQRKYJH2A2ZD7OWFW/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:4ZFWO2SGWZQRKYJH2A2ZD7OWFW","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"fdeb3ee3b72c4a5393099943f86572713c3cbf42cd4b871ff28abf55de750d8e","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.IT","cs.LG","math.IT"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2024-05-21T16:04:32Z","title_canon_sha256":"b6f967dbaee113838d1a6233ce9a772a0972cc836c5c18decbb1a3246387083b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2405.12894","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2405.12894","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:21:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2405.12894v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:21:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2405.12894","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:21:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4ZFWO2SGWZQR","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:21:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4ZFWO2SGWZQRKYJH","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:21:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4ZFWO2SG","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:21:28Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:08c64133ebd91d7f8df98d01dc56eb6c00716eb2ba265531ed536df2c06e6c5e","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:21:28Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2405.12894/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"This paper analyzes the impact of imperfect communication channels on decentralized federated learning (D-FL) and subsequently determines the optimal number of local aggregations per training round, adapting to the network topology and imperfect channels. We start by deriving the bias of locally aggregated D-FL models under imperfect channels from the ideal global models requiring perfect channels and aggregations. The bias reveals that excessive local aggregations can accumulate communication errors and degrade convergence. Another important aspect is that we analyze a convergence upper bound","authors_text":"Ekram Hossain, H. Vincent Poor, Jingbo Zhao, Tiejun Lv, Weicai Li, Wei Ni","cross_cats":["cs.IT","cs.LG","math.IT"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2024-05-21T16:04:32Z","title":"Decentralized Federated Learning Over Imperfect Communication Channels"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2405.12894","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:6ee1eaf0c58d742e8b4caf224760bc9afda26b5825af234bb96ebcfc2238d35d","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:21:28Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"fdeb3ee3b72c4a5393099943f86572713c3cbf42cd4b871ff28abf55de750d8e","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.IT","cs.LG","math.IT"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2024-05-21T16:04:32Z","title_canon_sha256":"b6f967dbaee113838d1a6233ce9a772a0972cc836c5c18decbb1a3246387083b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2405.12894","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"e64b676a46b661156127d03591fdd62d87cedfd07211d1ec019b0ba210e3807e","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"e64b676a46b661156127d03591fdd62d87cedfd07211d1ec019b0ba210e3807e","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:21:28.075730Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:21:28.075730Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"d/aHdVVjqWMZFFz4QvObjUy2yNVHZja6Lx4DFaQTsZKROHpkftEhxTsW1uKsQA3SwP72e2sha0NKnXkEJcs7Aw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:21:28.076593Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2405.12894","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:6ee1eaf0c58d742e8b4caf224760bc9afda26b5825af234bb96ebcfc2238d35d","sha256:08c64133ebd91d7f8df98d01dc56eb6c00716eb2ba265531ed536df2c06e6c5e"],"state_sha256":"fac4be2166da802086e217c7753921eb3e24dc03f50c7de8a050efd2081bfb36"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"yt0jj/rytUnJdxEKsFnZetaOe9SDDE/4y85SgtAETz8a0D80f1dbNRCnbzO3F+ykiGUJ4J74Gp98ITsLcq/VDg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-09T02:01:29.411734Z","bundle_sha256":"eec6ce5034c56ebbb4fcb697f882a4913101e7580ebf424c01e93587399a067a"}}