{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2017:4ZG5UMOWZIXM7B56HKNBAKGNWZ","short_pith_number":"pith:4ZG5UMOW","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1712.06666","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"q-bio.QM","submitted_at":"2017-12-12T16:45:45Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"c15e3d3726ade75a13ecc2c8ddd2e9fa70dec63131cd9abe6a77d0770b7eb3f7","abstract_canon_sha256":"85e732227df2b5fab8cf47c069666af1ba6f6f0a2188e1e8b2adeacef9e3cee7"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e64dda31d6ca2ecf87be3a9a1028cdb65f53db01b8bedef59271890f5db1adfe","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1712.06666","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1712.06666","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:27:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1712.06666v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:27:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1712.06666","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:27:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4ZG5UMOWZIXM","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4ZG5UMOWZIXM7B56","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4ZG5UMOW","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:00Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2017:4ZG5UMOWZIXM7B56HKNBAKGNWZ","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1712.06666","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"q-bio.QM","submitted_at":"2017-12-12T16:45:45Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"c15e3d3726ade75a13ecc2c8ddd2e9fa70dec63131cd9abe6a77d0770b7eb3f7","abstract_canon_sha256":"85e732227df2b5fab8cf47c069666af1ba6f6f0a2188e1e8b2adeacef9e3cee7"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e64dda31d6ca2ecf87be3a9a1028cdb65f53db01b8bedef59271890f5db1adfe","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:27:40.848430Z","signature_b64":"FmoICPzGqNSKRMY+p+VUGUrGHJ+cffujzfOipSts2WtMuFtUFrapEsBy46VOjQKK+4/FUvlQM7NGFJxHW6BAAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"e64dda31d6ca2ecf87be3a9a1028cdb65f53db01b8bedef59271890f5db1adfe","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:27:40.847751Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:27:40.847751Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1712.06666","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:27:40Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"phLBauVq1Q1USPBZ0tE96WFirP3kxgB6Bi1rdc9mlKCoSZ3/3Wfbrrn4+oLkC0TlW+5ikAhDZm4KUQxYEUXPDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T19:20:09.371204Z"},"content_sha256":"0aba68d128d297e2c69b27c3d680625caf0f065e868d434aaf824a9f053f07e8","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:0aba68d128d297e2c69b27c3d680625caf0f065e868d434aaf824a9f053f07e8"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2017:4ZG5UMOWZIXM7B56HKNBAKGNWZ","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"An effect of large permanent charge: Decreasing flux to zero with increasing transmembrane potential to infinity","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"q-bio.QM","authors_text":"Bob Eisenberg, Liwei Zhang, Weishi Liu","submitted_at":"2017-12-12T16:45:45Z","abstract_excerpt":"In this work, we examine effects of large permanent charges on ionic flow through ion channels based on a quasi-one dimensional Poisson-Nernst-Planck model. It turns out large positive permanent charges inhibit the flux of cation as expected, but strikingly, as the transmembrane electrochemical potential for anion increases in a particular way, the flux of anion decreases. The latter phenomenon was observed experimentally but the cause seemed to be unclear. The mechanisms for these phenomena are examined with the help of the profiles of the ionic concentrations, electric fields and electrochem"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1712.06666","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:27:40Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"5MijE8IRKn+8QREBGywPNdlSAmo6Sq7Rqp4FXUubJB0rkiY4jE7tDRiaFGBD24yXK4hSS/DvoX5A97/EOhi6Ag==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T19:20:09.371875Z"},"content_sha256":"1b5faa21e1e38518884e6ea55aa68a551ebd40032fed25ca38519a3648b218c6","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:1b5faa21e1e38518884e6ea55aa68a551ebd40032fed25ca38519a3648b218c6"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/4ZG5UMOWZIXM7B56HKNBAKGNWZ/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/4ZG5UMOWZIXM7B56HKNBAKGNWZ/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/4ZG5UMOWZIXM7B56HKNBAKGNWZ/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-27T19:20:09Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/4ZG5UMOWZIXM7B56HKNBAKGNWZ","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/4ZG5UMOWZIXM7B56HKNBAKGNWZ/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/4ZG5UMOWZIXM7B56HKNBAKGNWZ/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/4ZG5UMOWZIXM7B56HKNBAKGNWZ/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2017:4ZG5UMOWZIXM7B56HKNBAKGNWZ","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"85e732227df2b5fab8cf47c069666af1ba6f6f0a2188e1e8b2adeacef9e3cee7","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"q-bio.QM","submitted_at":"2017-12-12T16:45:45Z","title_canon_sha256":"c15e3d3726ade75a13ecc2c8ddd2e9fa70dec63131cd9abe6a77d0770b7eb3f7"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1712.06666","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1712.06666","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:27:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1712.06666v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:27:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1712.06666","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:27:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"4ZG5UMOWZIXM","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"4ZG5UMOWZIXM7B56","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"4ZG5UMOW","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:00Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:1b5faa21e1e38518884e6ea55aa68a551ebd40032fed25ca38519a3648b218c6","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:27:40Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"In this work, we examine effects of large permanent charges on ionic flow through ion channels based on a quasi-one dimensional Poisson-Nernst-Planck model. It turns out large positive permanent charges inhibit the flux of cation as expected, but strikingly, as the transmembrane electrochemical potential for anion increases in a particular way, the flux of anion decreases. The latter phenomenon was observed experimentally but the cause seemed to be unclear. The mechanisms for these phenomena are examined with the help of the profiles of the ionic concentrations, electric fields and electrochem","authors_text":"Bob Eisenberg, Liwei Zhang, Weishi Liu","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"q-bio.QM","submitted_at":"2017-12-12T16:45:45Z","title":"An effect of large permanent charge: Decreasing flux to zero with increasing transmembrane potential to infinity"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1712.06666","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:0aba68d128d297e2c69b27c3d680625caf0f065e868d434aaf824a9f053f07e8","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:27:40Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"85e732227df2b5fab8cf47c069666af1ba6f6f0a2188e1e8b2adeacef9e3cee7","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"q-bio.QM","submitted_at":"2017-12-12T16:45:45Z","title_canon_sha256":"c15e3d3726ade75a13ecc2c8ddd2e9fa70dec63131cd9abe6a77d0770b7eb3f7"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1712.06666","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"e64dda31d6ca2ecf87be3a9a1028cdb65f53db01b8bedef59271890f5db1adfe","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"e64dda31d6ca2ecf87be3a9a1028cdb65f53db01b8bedef59271890f5db1adfe","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:27:40.847751Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:27:40.847751Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"FmoICPzGqNSKRMY+p+VUGUrGHJ+cffujzfOipSts2WtMuFtUFrapEsBy46VOjQKK+4/FUvlQM7NGFJxHW6BAAQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:27:40.848430Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1712.06666","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:0aba68d128d297e2c69b27c3d680625caf0f065e868d434aaf824a9f053f07e8","sha256:1b5faa21e1e38518884e6ea55aa68a551ebd40032fed25ca38519a3648b218c6"],"state_sha256":"2b2ce261db279bdb36ec5a97a99d8e57ff518825688d805bddadb9c689de0a88"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"FcY/T1QLZPj2JWa7YW1OouGhNamc0mno++NzzSPgW0gf1BK72KaII/MU6Py61iMQ0ZYY71zqruCht4mzUrmLAA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T19:20:09.375484Z","bundle_sha256":"8c4043ed3bbe20b26f8899d245d87014ef9bc61edce66d7a391ebab9cb6c3232"}}