{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:536N5NJNYB6OJ3UYIYTVCOGY4N","short_pith_number":"pith:536N5NJN","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2509.05627","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2025-09-06T07:23:25Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"546883de1f7d2c0e94a4ec593cd5a47a49431cb3b917b3cfe6d32d41898a2f51","abstract_canon_sha256":"290838f8f025c0a3639fa63e25a7d8124b44d31f31090986fc04d934421d51f5"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"eefcdeb52dc07ce4ee9846275138d8e377cf970c05829fd9e9d74b114e2d4a97","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2509.05627","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2509.05627","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2509.05627v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2509.05627","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"536N5NJNYB6O","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"536N5NJNYB6OJ3UY","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"536N5NJN","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:21Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:536N5NJNYB6OJ3UYIYTVCOGY4N","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2509.05627","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2025-09-06T07:23:25Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"546883de1f7d2c0e94a4ec593cd5a47a49431cb3b917b3cfe6d32d41898a2f51","abstract_canon_sha256":"290838f8f025c0a3639fa63e25a7d8124b44d31f31090986fc04d934421d51f5"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"eefcdeb52dc07ce4ee9846275138d8e377cf970c05829fd9e9d74b114e2d4a97","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:21.271650Z","signature_b64":"q8JPT2mUpP9llaO3ZhA4ARlyuHTOo9eln3MvABNuaCL0BT8BBKI+sPY1v0/IvGpboSPYF78+MXi6kpoQFd4TAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"eefcdeb52dc07ce4ee9846275138d8e377cf970c05829fd9e9d74b114e2d4a97","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:21.271071Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:21.271071Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2509.05627","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:21Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ijo7iC0vHsyZpzCpJy8ZPIGrWskZ2x99lVMZUxYOc3qpp5P03ICX5ksEsom4rIhtWcDsJi+FvBiK7qLgtKiwBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-16T17:52:28.108115Z"},"content_sha256":"ea96d24f8200e206411d26c63533f50de155b357991ccd8f1947fc49f627a725","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ea96d24f8200e206411d26c63533f50de155b357991ccd8f1947fc49f627a725"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:536N5NJNYB6OJ3UYIYTVCOGY4N","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"primary_cat":"cs.CY","authors_text":"Ananya Karthik, Daniel E. Ho, Percy Liang, Salil Goyal, Sarah H. Cen, Zaynah Javed","submitted_at":"2025-09-06T07:23:25Z","abstract_excerpt":"AI audits play a critical role in AI accountability and safety. One branch of the law for which AI audits are particularly salient is anti-discrimination law. Several areas of anti-discrimination law implicate the \"less discriminatory alternative\" (LDA) requirement, in which a protocol (e.g., model) is defensible if no less discriminatory protocol that achieves comparable performance can be found with a reasonable amount of effort. Notably, the burden of proving an LDA exists typically falls on the claimant (the party alleging discrimination). This creates a significant hurdle in AI cases, as "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2509.05627","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2509.05627/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:21Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Re8rowvvbk2lVxwyG9yU1e70sBdej05hv6wzF9R55ZHQXOZms6SXBWNOf4qSeqFXCmsjNqnYkk/JlSf5GrzOAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-16T17:52:28.109012Z"},"content_sha256":"3a603e2c511a623f3109ee386132ea28fdf2ad1a3b42de5c69910f2bfa008ef1","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3a603e2c511a623f3109ee386132ea28fdf2ad1a3b42de5c69910f2bfa008ef1"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/536N5NJNYB6OJ3UYIYTVCOGY4N/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/536N5NJNYB6OJ3UYIYTVCOGY4N/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/536N5NJNYB6OJ3UYIYTVCOGY4N/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-16T17:52:28Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/536N5NJNYB6OJ3UYIYTVCOGY4N","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/536N5NJNYB6OJ3UYIYTVCOGY4N/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/536N5NJNYB6OJ3UYIYTVCOGY4N/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/536N5NJNYB6OJ3UYIYTVCOGY4N/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:536N5NJNYB6OJ3UYIYTVCOGY4N","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"290838f8f025c0a3639fa63e25a7d8124b44d31f31090986fc04d934421d51f5","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2025-09-06T07:23:25Z","title_canon_sha256":"546883de1f7d2c0e94a4ec593cd5a47a49431cb3b917b3cfe6d32d41898a2f51"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2509.05627","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2509.05627","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2509.05627v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2509.05627","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"536N5NJNYB6O","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"536N5NJNYB6OJ3UY","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:21Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"536N5NJN","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:21Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:3a603e2c511a623f3109ee386132ea28fdf2ad1a3b42de5c69910f2bfa008ef1","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:21Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2509.05627/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"AI audits play a critical role in AI accountability and safety. One branch of the law for which AI audits are particularly salient is anti-discrimination law. Several areas of anti-discrimination law implicate the \"less discriminatory alternative\" (LDA) requirement, in which a protocol (e.g., model) is defensible if no less discriminatory protocol that achieves comparable performance can be found with a reasonable amount of effort. Notably, the burden of proving an LDA exists typically falls on the claimant (the party alleging discrimination). This creates a significant hurdle in AI cases, as ","authors_text":"Ananya Karthik, Daniel E. Ho, Percy Liang, Salil Goyal, Sarah H. Cen, Zaynah Javed","cross_cats":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2025-09-06T07:23:25Z","title":"Audits Under Resource, Data, and Access Constraints: Scaling Laws For Less Discriminatory Alternatives"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2509.05627","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:ea96d24f8200e206411d26c63533f50de155b357991ccd8f1947fc49f627a725","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:21Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"290838f8f025c0a3639fa63e25a7d8124b44d31f31090986fc04d934421d51f5","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2025-09-06T07:23:25Z","title_canon_sha256":"546883de1f7d2c0e94a4ec593cd5a47a49431cb3b917b3cfe6d32d41898a2f51"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2509.05627","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"eefcdeb52dc07ce4ee9846275138d8e377cf970c05829fd9e9d74b114e2d4a97","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"eefcdeb52dc07ce4ee9846275138d8e377cf970c05829fd9e9d74b114e2d4a97","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:21.271071Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:21.271071Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"q8JPT2mUpP9llaO3ZhA4ARlyuHTOo9eln3MvABNuaCL0BT8BBKI+sPY1v0/IvGpboSPYF78+MXi6kpoQFd4TAQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T12:06:21.271650Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2509.05627","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:ea96d24f8200e206411d26c63533f50de155b357991ccd8f1947fc49f627a725","sha256:3a603e2c511a623f3109ee386132ea28fdf2ad1a3b42de5c69910f2bfa008ef1"],"state_sha256":"0eeb478bed640e3851a8af8a5a6858f44847a23fb6befeb95825834c179482f5"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"n4Pktf46uNbzHkClsb5qMX8N3xLfFsszdVMOerKJTE7t1fhT5/WBksdCHw2/2212LJAwNiTYJltI6GlcY9HrBg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-16T17:52:28.114442Z","bundle_sha256":"d56c8f253fed9247ff1bcece09d8e7811bf7aa929712d4be5b5c6ec3d35a870a"}}