{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:55WX2FBDBOQYAB2IWOJXNI6HRZ","short_pith_number":"pith:55WX2FBD","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1903.07796","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2019-03-19T02:24:39Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"6a1f5acbec27bb0049d96812935fb8fb3f4f3673c9b2e2b38bf8d68ef440c5fe","abstract_canon_sha256":"d73c1625ba4d6db46a3111faf2c624145517c9576331ce54aac0ef45aaa47207"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"ef6d7d14230ba1800748b39376a3c78e56f11c7054df5245ba748067c458b1e4","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1903.07796","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1903.07796","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1903.07796v3","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1903.07796","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"55WX2FBDBOQY","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"55WX2FBDBOQYAB2I","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"55WX2FBD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:10Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:55WX2FBDBOQYAB2IWOJXNI6HRZ","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1903.07796","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2019-03-19T02:24:39Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"6a1f5acbec27bb0049d96812935fb8fb3f4f3673c9b2e2b38bf8d68ef440c5fe","abstract_canon_sha256":"d73c1625ba4d6db46a3111faf2c624145517c9576331ce54aac0ef45aaa47207"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"ef6d7d14230ba1800748b39376a3c78e56f11c7054df5245ba748067c458b1e4","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:14.444443Z","signature_b64":"+MI7EtzHvB07j86drpH4o37xtSF+cQruBwyLodKkwkFvgcj99yXKUZgiO3HFIsgABNfWK3py6bzRJr0JFIEMDg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"ef6d7d14230ba1800748b39376a3c78e56f11c7054df5245ba748067c458b1e4","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:14.443883Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:14.443883Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1903.07796","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:14Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"TqQqNssrDusC1Ryqcd6+D565z6QhusU7ieHmYkwY/ohBsgJ0tlfw57aWrDznDSc09eppyzJhoHhBhBNG13FiAw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T15:55:29.198123Z"},"content_sha256":"8ed60af55c5277eec8ce93f44084153efebc23cc8cccd96a4b1a800277fb7e9e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:8ed60af55c5277eec8ce93f44084153efebc23cc8cccd96a4b1a800277fb7e9e"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:55WX2FBDBOQYAB2IWOJXNI6HRZ","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Umbrella: Enabling ISPs to Offer Readily Deployable and Privacy-Preserving DDoS Prevention Services","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Min Zhu, Wei Ge, Yuan Cao, Zhuotao Liu","submitted_at":"2019-03-19T02:24:39Z","abstract_excerpt":"Defending against distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks in the Internet is a fundamental problem. However, recent industrial interviews with over 100 security experts from more than ten industry segments indicate that DDoS problems have not been fully addressed. The reasons are twofold. On one hand, many academic proposals that are provably secure witness little real-world deployment. On the other hand, the operation model for existing DDoS-prevention service providers (e.g., Cloudflare, Akamai) is privacy invasive for large organizations (e.g., government). In this paper, we present Um"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1903.07796","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:14Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"3W6llRe+S4+o8Sqb1+IOvpEbdJDsW9Rvx0qvED+5/FhvnuZKEG+DyXrrC2mi6j0COxYrAK8UeCI2BI71m/3YAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T15:55:29.198480Z"},"content_sha256":"e4ad469296568e1c2bcdc59184b739921b1140b662f8f1bdbff72720839a989a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e4ad469296568e1c2bcdc59184b739921b1140b662f8f1bdbff72720839a989a"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/55WX2FBDBOQYAB2IWOJXNI6HRZ/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/55WX2FBDBOQYAB2IWOJXNI6HRZ/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/55WX2FBDBOQYAB2IWOJXNI6HRZ/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-02T15:55:29Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/55WX2FBDBOQYAB2IWOJXNI6HRZ","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/55WX2FBDBOQYAB2IWOJXNI6HRZ/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/55WX2FBDBOQYAB2IWOJXNI6HRZ/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/55WX2FBDBOQYAB2IWOJXNI6HRZ/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:55WX2FBDBOQYAB2IWOJXNI6HRZ","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d73c1625ba4d6db46a3111faf2c624145517c9576331ce54aac0ef45aaa47207","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2019-03-19T02:24:39Z","title_canon_sha256":"6a1f5acbec27bb0049d96812935fb8fb3f4f3673c9b2e2b38bf8d68ef440c5fe"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1903.07796","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1903.07796","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1903.07796v3","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1903.07796","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"55WX2FBDBOQY","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"55WX2FBDBOQYAB2I","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"55WX2FBD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:10Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:e4ad469296568e1c2bcdc59184b739921b1140b662f8f1bdbff72720839a989a","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:14Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Defending against distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks in the Internet is a fundamental problem. However, recent industrial interviews with over 100 security experts from more than ten industry segments indicate that DDoS problems have not been fully addressed. The reasons are twofold. On one hand, many academic proposals that are provably secure witness little real-world deployment. On the other hand, the operation model for existing DDoS-prevention service providers (e.g., Cloudflare, Akamai) is privacy invasive for large organizations (e.g., government). In this paper, we present Um","authors_text":"Min Zhu, Wei Ge, Yuan Cao, Zhuotao Liu","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2019-03-19T02:24:39Z","title":"Umbrella: Enabling ISPs to Offer Readily Deployable and Privacy-Preserving DDoS Prevention Services"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1903.07796","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:8ed60af55c5277eec8ce93f44084153efebc23cc8cccd96a4b1a800277fb7e9e","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:14Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d73c1625ba4d6db46a3111faf2c624145517c9576331ce54aac0ef45aaa47207","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2019-03-19T02:24:39Z","title_canon_sha256":"6a1f5acbec27bb0049d96812935fb8fb3f4f3673c9b2e2b38bf8d68ef440c5fe"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1903.07796","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"ef6d7d14230ba1800748b39376a3c78e56f11c7054df5245ba748067c458b1e4","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"ef6d7d14230ba1800748b39376a3c78e56f11c7054df5245ba748067c458b1e4","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:14.443883Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:14.443883Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"+MI7EtzHvB07j86drpH4o37xtSF+cQruBwyLodKkwkFvgcj99yXKUZgiO3HFIsgABNfWK3py6bzRJr0JFIEMDg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:49:14.444443Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1903.07796","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:8ed60af55c5277eec8ce93f44084153efebc23cc8cccd96a4b1a800277fb7e9e","sha256:e4ad469296568e1c2bcdc59184b739921b1140b662f8f1bdbff72720839a989a"],"state_sha256":"f9f8737cfc2438c7d9ac16f71a843c9c03ad1989ebb607dfec43cffe752f8d9d"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"UPZ6VtOrd0g8NoXaqcVN4xrtuNUwHrTiJr7MJPHe8kRrjG1R3j5rN2orvJIjkncPxnNO4n63oFqBmFwbgf/VDw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T15:55:29.200416Z","bundle_sha256":"c2f82b2d4ca052b3542b0c2ee9481a27fb981259cea85caa2ea905764e038764"}}