{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2012:565RZ4LKBCXEPZO2YHBZFC7YEI","short_pith_number":"pith:565RZ4LK","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1205.3921","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2012-05-17T12:52:40Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"eba8e18954c1f18cd4474a58c5c7e70337b4ca886ab7c27d15537c4853bf6752","abstract_canon_sha256":"4bec2e6ad2965f9de0259e3cd1d0b17f6385ce169bca85a03e4e4f8a091bb929"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"efbb1cf16a08ae47e5dac1c3928bf82239b198e608183a4a880bb0b83c13f7b1","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1205.3921","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1205.3921","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1205.3921v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1205.3921","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"565RZ4LKBCXE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"565RZ4LKBCXEPZO2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"565RZ4LK","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:53Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2012:565RZ4LKBCXEPZO2YHBZFC7YEI","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1205.3921","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2012-05-17T12:52:40Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"eba8e18954c1f18cd4474a58c5c7e70337b4ca886ab7c27d15537c4853bf6752","abstract_canon_sha256":"4bec2e6ad2965f9de0259e3cd1d0b17f6385ce169bca85a03e4e4f8a091bb929"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"efbb1cf16a08ae47e5dac1c3928bf82239b198e608183a4a880bb0b83c13f7b1","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:24.179201Z","signature_b64":"F1EUpfFFyQh5E3/VVTPyZV44pOpUIKKdWVFjqLeJ42sVw6suPUFPChFMFn48Af/+ZxvLsDSYrlgBS4Vtvov/Ag==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"efbb1cf16a08ae47e5dac1c3928bf82239b198e608183a4a880bb0b83c13f7b1","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:24.178646Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:24.178646Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1205.3921","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:24Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"/LYthKeCFVSjbD8uxPtafpfcsyvbuvvzT+BiWiKZvmbsMGc+xQ57G6QIfpt0rTuScnMtdx47Epuo6upwwVdDBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-11T12:10:21.353138Z"},"content_sha256":"08f746aedb17bb8953d450f30ac60bdb3b191224bcf8f6a7f720b7d3c3a67025","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:08f746aedb17bb8953d450f30ac60bdb3b191224bcf8f6a7f720b7d3c3a67025"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2012:565RZ4LKBCXEPZO2YHBZFC7YEI","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"In Search of the Black Swan: Analysis of the Statistical Evidence of Electoral Fraud in Venezuela","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"stat.ME","authors_text":"Ricardo Hausmann, Roberto Rigobon","submitted_at":"2012-05-17T12:52:40Z","abstract_excerpt":"This study analyzes diverse hypotheses of electronic fraud in the Recall Referendum celebrated in Venezuela on August 15, 2004. We define fraud as the difference between the elector's intent, and the official vote tally. Our null hypothesis is that there was no fraud, and we attempt to search for evidence that will allow us to reject this hypothesis. We find no evidence that fraud was committed by applying numerical maximums to machines in some precincts. Equally, we discard any hypothesis that implies altering some machines and not others, at each electoral precinct, because the variation pat"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1205.3921","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:24Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"0MyjkkPQOKS5iMPycg9KMHuRxJj452Es00uxE1caWCvAC/ZdtNE84GrE51dtH902x93CrAvtQeJd+4b0rgcPBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-11T12:10:21.353510Z"},"content_sha256":"541b6f43f270d2ec58740dc56367d029957fdc9e3bb7f61543d80fae63de40b2","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:541b6f43f270d2ec58740dc56367d029957fdc9e3bb7f61543d80fae63de40b2"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/565RZ4LKBCXEPZO2YHBZFC7YEI/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/565RZ4LKBCXEPZO2YHBZFC7YEI/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/565RZ4LKBCXEPZO2YHBZFC7YEI/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-11T12:10:21Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/565RZ4LKBCXEPZO2YHBZFC7YEI","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/565RZ4LKBCXEPZO2YHBZFC7YEI/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/565RZ4LKBCXEPZO2YHBZFC7YEI/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/565RZ4LKBCXEPZO2YHBZFC7YEI/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2012:565RZ4LKBCXEPZO2YHBZFC7YEI","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4bec2e6ad2965f9de0259e3cd1d0b17f6385ce169bca85a03e4e4f8a091bb929","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2012-05-17T12:52:40Z","title_canon_sha256":"eba8e18954c1f18cd4474a58c5c7e70337b4ca886ab7c27d15537c4853bf6752"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1205.3921","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1205.3921","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1205.3921v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1205.3921","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"565RZ4LKBCXE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"565RZ4LKBCXEPZO2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"565RZ4LK","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:53Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:541b6f43f270d2ec58740dc56367d029957fdc9e3bb7f61543d80fae63de40b2","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:24Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"This study analyzes diverse hypotheses of electronic fraud in the Recall Referendum celebrated in Venezuela on August 15, 2004. We define fraud as the difference between the elector's intent, and the official vote tally. Our null hypothesis is that there was no fraud, and we attempt to search for evidence that will allow us to reject this hypothesis. We find no evidence that fraud was committed by applying numerical maximums to machines in some precincts. Equally, we discard any hypothesis that implies altering some machines and not others, at each electoral precinct, because the variation pat","authors_text":"Ricardo Hausmann, Roberto Rigobon","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2012-05-17T12:52:40Z","title":"In Search of the Black Swan: Analysis of the Statistical Evidence of Electoral Fraud in Venezuela"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1205.3921","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:08f746aedb17bb8953d450f30ac60bdb3b191224bcf8f6a7f720b7d3c3a67025","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:24Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4bec2e6ad2965f9de0259e3cd1d0b17f6385ce169bca85a03e4e4f8a091bb929","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2012-05-17T12:52:40Z","title_canon_sha256":"eba8e18954c1f18cd4474a58c5c7e70337b4ca886ab7c27d15537c4853bf6752"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1205.3921","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"efbb1cf16a08ae47e5dac1c3928bf82239b198e608183a4a880bb0b83c13f7b1","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"efbb1cf16a08ae47e5dac1c3928bf82239b198e608183a4a880bb0b83c13f7b1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:24.178646Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:24.178646Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"F1EUpfFFyQh5E3/VVTPyZV44pOpUIKKdWVFjqLeJ42sVw6suPUFPChFMFn48Af/+ZxvLsDSYrlgBS4Vtvov/Ag==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:24.179201Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1205.3921","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:08f746aedb17bb8953d450f30ac60bdb3b191224bcf8f6a7f720b7d3c3a67025","sha256:541b6f43f270d2ec58740dc56367d029957fdc9e3bb7f61543d80fae63de40b2"],"state_sha256":"2f643f82e9b751246b7cf0a8f2aaafa6fdcaf7d10f16abb1f03ce00b62d7be70"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"4nVHTGZJFL2ky1inlERR/+bN6oo4Ch3zhSiKAHYXPw0TclMkdoOM0ylP0P2MXLKzP/RMD5fKkAVTr/ukPDuOAA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-11T12:10:21.355499Z","bundle_sha256":"1b9c87ba470be659c4f562bc3ddfe261ffe5aa72922948441948bbfe21f5aa36"}}