{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:57SDJ6QQ5I2TOBSE26OAHQKOC4","short_pith_number":"pith:57SDJ6QQ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1408.5825","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SY","submitted_at":"2014-08-25T16:29:29Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"d61d5a13d45ea36be150929ec601fa70a726b6511ae0694d0e7a15258762f6be","abstract_canon_sha256":"d685c3813d025c2e24fe45a429bc75eb05cc6e3044ea344007bffc632be8cb8e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"efe434fa10ea35370644d79c03c14e170aaa4f0a0cbd10d86e1e4ba863c76a81","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1408.5825","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1408.5825","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1408.5825v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1408.5825","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"57SDJ6QQ5I2T","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"57SDJ6QQ5I2TOBSE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"57SDJ6QQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:14Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:57SDJ6QQ5I2TOBSE26OAHQKOC4","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1408.5825","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SY","submitted_at":"2014-08-25T16:29:29Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"d61d5a13d45ea36be150929ec601fa70a726b6511ae0694d0e7a15258762f6be","abstract_canon_sha256":"d685c3813d025c2e24fe45a429bc75eb05cc6e3044ea344007bffc632be8cb8e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"efe434fa10ea35370644d79c03c14e170aaa4f0a0cbd10d86e1e4ba863c76a81","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:24.026733Z","signature_b64":"gqNV/5IbexSl+TG5JcSHrc7CtQHdObqdnV1qVqAnuonId3l4PQp8W3xNcSuEfihcSGRiHmLZDfsr3y0tJg/vCw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"efe434fa10ea35370644d79c03c14e170aaa4f0a0cbd10d86e1e4ba863c76a81","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:24.026299Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:24.026299Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1408.5825","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:24Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"p2AfglphnsJctpbD8sUkPNrBm02lshqyJ5rLQ37824Cw0oT71i9NskDwu4MgiKzPzU1IJ1GbhnmrK5y9+fVkCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T06:30:08.402336Z"},"content_sha256":"b4126705b7e9d3153007d945dd6b333bf1aae232c118708c32f5fdf415dd1c3e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b4126705b7e9d3153007d945dd6b333bf1aae232c118708c32f5fdf415dd1c3e"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:57SDJ6QQ5I2TOBSE26OAHQKOC4","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Duration-differentiated Energy Services with a Continuum of Loads","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.SY","authors_text":"Ashutosh Nayyar, Kameshwar Poolla, Matias Negrete-Pincetic, Pravin Varaiya","submitted_at":"2014-08-25T16:29:29Z","abstract_excerpt":"As the proportion of total power supplied by renewable sources increases, it gets more costly to use reserve generation to compensate for the variability of renewables like solar and wind. Hence attention has been drawn to exploiting flexibility in demand as a substitute for reserve generation. Flexibility has different attributes. In this paper we consider loads requiring a constant power for a specified duration (within say one day), whose flexibility resides in the fact that power may be delivered at any time so long as the total duration of service equals the load's specified duration. We "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1408.5825","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:24Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"b5842IkrgHOE5E05MY1yUMW1FtTqSDCUsjBqpAanZjWi+0QpKnL2EUioUkSVjwb3A9VI6BtDucD5fNUHxUyJBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T06:30:08.402686Z"},"content_sha256":"086b72d487d0e5ec12c2a209bfb6a22dbc009f9098d54eeacddcccd4cd08530d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:086b72d487d0e5ec12c2a209bfb6a22dbc009f9098d54eeacddcccd4cd08530d"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/57SDJ6QQ5I2TOBSE26OAHQKOC4/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/57SDJ6QQ5I2TOBSE26OAHQKOC4/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/57SDJ6QQ5I2TOBSE26OAHQKOC4/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-28T06:30:08Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/57SDJ6QQ5I2TOBSE26OAHQKOC4","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/57SDJ6QQ5I2TOBSE26OAHQKOC4/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/57SDJ6QQ5I2TOBSE26OAHQKOC4/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/57SDJ6QQ5I2TOBSE26OAHQKOC4/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:57SDJ6QQ5I2TOBSE26OAHQKOC4","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d685c3813d025c2e24fe45a429bc75eb05cc6e3044ea344007bffc632be8cb8e","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SY","submitted_at":"2014-08-25T16:29:29Z","title_canon_sha256":"d61d5a13d45ea36be150929ec601fa70a726b6511ae0694d0e7a15258762f6be"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1408.5825","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1408.5825","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1408.5825v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1408.5825","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"57SDJ6QQ5I2T","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"57SDJ6QQ5I2TOBSE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"57SDJ6QQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:14Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:086b72d487d0e5ec12c2a209bfb6a22dbc009f9098d54eeacddcccd4cd08530d","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:24Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"As the proportion of total power supplied by renewable sources increases, it gets more costly to use reserve generation to compensate for the variability of renewables like solar and wind. Hence attention has been drawn to exploiting flexibility in demand as a substitute for reserve generation. Flexibility has different attributes. In this paper we consider loads requiring a constant power for a specified duration (within say one day), whose flexibility resides in the fact that power may be delivered at any time so long as the total duration of service equals the load's specified duration. We ","authors_text":"Ashutosh Nayyar, Kameshwar Poolla, Matias Negrete-Pincetic, Pravin Varaiya","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SY","submitted_at":"2014-08-25T16:29:29Z","title":"Duration-differentiated Energy Services with a Continuum of Loads"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1408.5825","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:b4126705b7e9d3153007d945dd6b333bf1aae232c118708c32f5fdf415dd1c3e","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:24Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d685c3813d025c2e24fe45a429bc75eb05cc6e3044ea344007bffc632be8cb8e","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SY","submitted_at":"2014-08-25T16:29:29Z","title_canon_sha256":"d61d5a13d45ea36be150929ec601fa70a726b6511ae0694d0e7a15258762f6be"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1408.5825","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"efe434fa10ea35370644d79c03c14e170aaa4f0a0cbd10d86e1e4ba863c76a81","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"efe434fa10ea35370644d79c03c14e170aaa4f0a0cbd10d86e1e4ba863c76a81","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:24.026299Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:24.026299Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"gqNV/5IbexSl+TG5JcSHrc7CtQHdObqdnV1qVqAnuonId3l4PQp8W3xNcSuEfihcSGRiHmLZDfsr3y0tJg/vCw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:24.026733Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1408.5825","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:b4126705b7e9d3153007d945dd6b333bf1aae232c118708c32f5fdf415dd1c3e","sha256:086b72d487d0e5ec12c2a209bfb6a22dbc009f9098d54eeacddcccd4cd08530d"],"state_sha256":"bd6d1ef2e56346107118c3d167cdc2097c4eece6b9361b94d490438120656de1"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"BkMzZtTnEwphdlPtbBp6Xsm9w24zZ0i1t35NOBW36uXVcuWQZ+QXkuIB0QbHln7mg40q8EQKIelxPuG1+CieAA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T06:30:08.404581Z","bundle_sha256":"d021d67b7595ae1e98626328130394d0d1c742e7f9652a1fd4d6981f3fb6f28d"}}