{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:5DROYW3HF37RM4F6DD3YPMC6BU","short_pith_number":"pith:5DROYW3H","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1901.01869","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.AP","submitted_at":"2019-01-07T15:07:06Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"fbaf833cc853ff83ecec8b0938ccdad2874a4e4541c70b583c10f63971b3efa9","abstract_canon_sha256":"5f945caac1242656c5b2536db1f4573ee58e3db395a344318997a7d0929b14ab"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e8e2ec5b672eff1670be18f787b05e0d049f02ed3fd1e9649d35fc42a75750ba","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1901.01869","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1901.01869","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:54:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1901.01869v2","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:54:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1901.01869","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:54:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"5DROYW3HF37R","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"5DROYW3HF37RM4F6","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"5DROYW3H","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:10Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:5DROYW3HF37RM4F6DD3YPMC6BU","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1901.01869","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.AP","submitted_at":"2019-01-07T15:07:06Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"fbaf833cc853ff83ecec8b0938ccdad2874a4e4541c70b583c10f63971b3efa9","abstract_canon_sha256":"5f945caac1242656c5b2536db1f4573ee58e3db395a344318997a7d0929b14ab"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e8e2ec5b672eff1670be18f787b05e0d049f02ed3fd1e9649d35fc42a75750ba","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:54:58.546113Z","signature_b64":"+XZShF2s9Gv/WtS53p3CQqiKaIxGQ+oLDgakwj+21w23uHet0XIDFCtsrFt1SUpkAmzDoJ/LwIGawWCpclx9Bg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"e8e2ec5b672eff1670be18f787b05e0d049f02ed3fd1e9649d35fc42a75750ba","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:54:58.545499Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:54:58.545499Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1901.01869","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:54:58Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"79wyQUBTush0jW3swDG73R03//P7szDW6sRZVQdRvYX7cU/yhbA8EBOuOY2Z71nK4jH9C+zaLmwmOVd/n57UDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T07:25:31.609829Z"},"content_sha256":"0810d39368940fe7b39027a624ee1155d4202b85d7dbc74dc2b73d93c9391889","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:0810d39368940fe7b39027a624ee1155d4202b85d7dbc74dc2b73d93c9391889"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:5DROYW3HF37RM4F6DD3YPMC6BU","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Patterns of Effects and Sensitivity Analysis for Differences-in-Differences","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"stat.AP","authors_text":"Colin B. Fogarty, Dylan S. Small, Jesse Y. Hsu, Luke J. Keele","submitted_at":"2019-01-07T15:07:06Z","abstract_excerpt":"Applied analysts often use the differences-in-differences (DID) method to estimate the causal effect of policy interventions with observational data. The method is widely used, as the required before and after comparison of a treated and control group is commonly encountered in practice. DID removes bias from unobserved time-invariant confounders. While DID removes bias from time-invariant confounders, bias from time-varying confounders may be present. Hence, like any observational comparison, DID studies remain susceptible to bias from hidden confounders. Here, we develop a method of sensitiv"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1901.01869","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:54:58Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"3KOfWjq0k+907rCXRx4m/nXVWAMACeUqQRyTLpwf0lHEPc8fgL/9zPNpNG5Ibn8iMxVeOEGmgIl75dBrOlvNBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T07:25:31.610403Z"},"content_sha256":"3aaa5c4db40dc0392b7b041a97650f63ebfeb65e6bba64ca1f7e30645c900c62","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3aaa5c4db40dc0392b7b041a97650f63ebfeb65e6bba64ca1f7e30645c900c62"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/5DROYW3HF37RM4F6DD3YPMC6BU/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/5DROYW3HF37RM4F6DD3YPMC6BU/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/5DROYW3HF37RM4F6DD3YPMC6BU/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-25T07:25:31Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/5DROYW3HF37RM4F6DD3YPMC6BU","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/5DROYW3HF37RM4F6DD3YPMC6BU/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/5DROYW3HF37RM4F6DD3YPMC6BU/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/5DROYW3HF37RM4F6DD3YPMC6BU/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:5DROYW3HF37RM4F6DD3YPMC6BU","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5f945caac1242656c5b2536db1f4573ee58e3db395a344318997a7d0929b14ab","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.AP","submitted_at":"2019-01-07T15:07:06Z","title_canon_sha256":"fbaf833cc853ff83ecec8b0938ccdad2874a4e4541c70b583c10f63971b3efa9"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1901.01869","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1901.01869","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:54:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1901.01869v2","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:54:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1901.01869","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:54:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"5DROYW3HF37R","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"5DROYW3HF37RM4F6","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"5DROYW3H","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:10Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:3aaa5c4db40dc0392b7b041a97650f63ebfeb65e6bba64ca1f7e30645c900c62","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:54:58Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Applied analysts often use the differences-in-differences (DID) method to estimate the causal effect of policy interventions with observational data. The method is widely used, as the required before and after comparison of a treated and control group is commonly encountered in practice. DID removes bias from unobserved time-invariant confounders. While DID removes bias from time-invariant confounders, bias from time-varying confounders may be present. Hence, like any observational comparison, DID studies remain susceptible to bias from hidden confounders. Here, we develop a method of sensitiv","authors_text":"Colin B. Fogarty, Dylan S. Small, Jesse Y. Hsu, Luke J. Keele","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.AP","submitted_at":"2019-01-07T15:07:06Z","title":"Patterns of Effects and Sensitivity Analysis for Differences-in-Differences"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1901.01869","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:0810d39368940fe7b39027a624ee1155d4202b85d7dbc74dc2b73d93c9391889","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:54:58Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5f945caac1242656c5b2536db1f4573ee58e3db395a344318997a7d0929b14ab","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.AP","submitted_at":"2019-01-07T15:07:06Z","title_canon_sha256":"fbaf833cc853ff83ecec8b0938ccdad2874a4e4541c70b583c10f63971b3efa9"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1901.01869","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"e8e2ec5b672eff1670be18f787b05e0d049f02ed3fd1e9649d35fc42a75750ba","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"e8e2ec5b672eff1670be18f787b05e0d049f02ed3fd1e9649d35fc42a75750ba","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:54:58.545499Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:54:58.545499Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"+XZShF2s9Gv/WtS53p3CQqiKaIxGQ+oLDgakwj+21w23uHet0XIDFCtsrFt1SUpkAmzDoJ/LwIGawWCpclx9Bg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:54:58.546113Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1901.01869","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:0810d39368940fe7b39027a624ee1155d4202b85d7dbc74dc2b73d93c9391889","sha256:3aaa5c4db40dc0392b7b041a97650f63ebfeb65e6bba64ca1f7e30645c900c62"],"state_sha256":"3f086779328faca8e7d41423ee782b57cba1786df1483e69a5b8feddde5fade6"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"2pLY6yo13Y17D8QCa0JKU1vZnNAwfhFkXSXyJenQ5U3okaU7XGhc1ipy4yYl0iMnsBEJamY0ZSl0dDBJWHm5CA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T07:25:31.613068Z","bundle_sha256":"8918eeba5ba9bdbef7e4dc02460dafd1a8e4b9aae7657c2aeb7a37f532a0d09d"}}