{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2018:5EZH3GMDQPA2DYAB655UDZZSUX","short_pith_number":"pith:5EZH3GMD","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"e9327d998383c1a1e001f77b41e732a5e82ae689456f696790e2cadd54b2d7f5","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1804.07358","version":2},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Theory of electromagnetic wave frequency upconversion in dynamic media","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["physics.optics"],"primary_cat":"physics.plasm-ph","authors_text":"Kenan Qu, Matthew R. Edwards, Nathaniel J. Fisch, Qing Jia","submitted_at":"2018-04-19T20:04:28Z","abstract_excerpt":"Frequency upconversion of an electromagnetic wave can occur in ionized plasma with decreasing electric permittivity and in split-ring resonator-structure metamaterials with decreasing magnetic permeability. We develop a general theory to describe the evolution of the wave frequency, amplitude, and energy density in homogeneous media with a temporally decreasing refractive index. We find that upconversion of the wave frequency is necessarily accompanied by partitioning of the wave energy into low-frequency modes, which sets an upper limit on the energy conversion efficiency. The efficiency limi"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1804.07358","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.plasm-ph","submitted_at":"2018-04-19T20:04:28Z","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.optics"],"title_canon_sha256":"39a044ab36255bbac57ed5956f6ff207859aa4227c9c6d278363a5023a5bdb08","abstract_canon_sha256":"8bcdabadce823a598cb984122e33da144a6ea3666ff66ca03c62dc6e028a8eb8"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:20.796968Z","signature_b64":"BmtZhXEN+He+IF0dpEzs9j98BDIa5ZJ2+Vzb1Fn5KBplHQT3He4pmfcfu1phFpoYeTKQjxVjUXPpdU6hUUpwDQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"e9327d998383c1a1e001f77b41e732a5e82ae689456f696790e2cadd54b2d7f5","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:20.796342Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:20.796342Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Theory of electromagnetic wave frequency upconversion in dynamic media","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["physics.optics"],"primary_cat":"physics.plasm-ph","authors_text":"Kenan Qu, Matthew R. Edwards, Nathaniel J. Fisch, Qing Jia","submitted_at":"2018-04-19T20:04:28Z","abstract_excerpt":"Frequency upconversion of an electromagnetic wave can occur in ionized plasma with decreasing electric permittivity and in split-ring resonator-structure metamaterials with decreasing magnetic permeability. We develop a general theory to describe the evolution of the wave frequency, amplitude, and energy density in homogeneous media with a temporally decreasing refractive index. We find that upconversion of the wave frequency is necessarily accompanied by partitioning of the wave energy into low-frequency modes, which sets an upper limit on the energy conversion efficiency. The efficiency limi"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1804.07358","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1804.07358","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:20.796437+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1804.07358v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:20.796437+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1804.07358","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:20.796437+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"5EZH3GMDQPA2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:08.215937+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"5EZH3GMDQPA2DYAB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:08.215937+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"5EZH3GMD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:08.215937+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":0,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/5EZH3GMDQPA2DYAB655UDZZSUX","json":"https://pith.science/pith/5EZH3GMDQPA2DYAB655UDZZSUX.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/5EZH3GMDQPA2DYAB655UDZZSUX/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/5EZH3GMDQPA2DYAB655UDZZSUX/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/5EZH3GMD"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/5EZH3GMDQPA2DYAB655UDZZSUX","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/5EZH3GMDQPA2DYAB655UDZZSUX.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/5EZH3GMD","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=1804.07358&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/5EZH3GMDQPA2DYAB655UDZZSUX/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/5EZH3GMDQPA2DYAB655UDZZSUX/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/5EZH3GMDQPA2DYAB655UDZZSUX/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/5EZH3GMDQPA2DYAB655UDZZSUX/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/5EZH3GMDQPA2DYAB655UDZZSUX/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/5EZH3GMDQPA2DYAB655UDZZSUX/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/5EZH3GMDQPA2DYAB655UDZZSUX/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:20.796437+00:00","updated_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:20.796437+00:00"}