{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:5G3AN3E2EBAGDTVKPW5KIATY33","short_pith_number":"pith:5G3AN3E2","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2410.19096","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2024-10-24T18:55:33Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL"],"title_canon_sha256":"3224825891fbf1bedfd4fd59d174568522a3674f0e1efe7b38e773043dbb2a08","abstract_canon_sha256":"2b71364b65ee83ec4c97447a96c1d2e10cda665371f91889dbef395ab718811d"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e9b606ec9a204061ceaa7dbaa40278defa7c45ca2f03b05da509a68bf746708e","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2410.19096","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2410.19096","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2410.19096v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2410.19096","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"5G3AN3E2EBAG","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"5G3AN3E2EBAGDTVK","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"5G3AN3E2","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:51Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:5G3AN3E2EBAGDTVKPW5KIATY33","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2410.19096","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2024-10-24T18:55:33Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL"],"title_canon_sha256":"3224825891fbf1bedfd4fd59d174568522a3674f0e1efe7b38e773043dbb2a08","abstract_canon_sha256":"2b71364b65ee83ec4c97447a96c1d2e10cda665371f91889dbef395ab718811d"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e9b606ec9a204061ceaa7dbaa40278defa7c45ca2f03b05da509a68bf746708e","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:51.367471Z","signature_b64":"EBttroGoAr7jjeiPYXB401obvhTt2aWnDM2pkj7dKG3K+MLryyGVUTc/svPcanA4hamLI7wxlO/3QU7qIlLDCg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"e9b606ec9a204061ceaa7dbaa40278defa7c45ca2f03b05da509a68bf746708e","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:51.366958Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:51.366958Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2410.19096","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:51Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"/3QxHvqg0j8GE36lgfWnFnMJhR3O7S/B75r2tX8CGSBiz/oyuSQ8xFJCM1dGgGUvSBx8dXgIkfkssNIvHboYDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T11:10:49.681774Z"},"content_sha256":"c1a7fc37f530c7003f499e2480e13873b979c697e4ff12c4103c0d159260f8f9","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c1a7fc37f530c7003f499e2480e13873b979c697e4ff12c4103c0d159260f8f9"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:5G3AN3E2EBAGDTVKPW5KIATY33","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Watermarking Large Language Models and the Generated Content: Opportunities and Challenges","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CL"],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Farinaz Koushanfar, Ruisi Zhang","submitted_at":"2024-10-24T18:55:33Z","abstract_excerpt":"The widely adopted and powerful generative large language models (LLMs) have raised concerns about intellectual property rights violations and the spread of machine-generated misinformation. Watermarking serves as a promising approch to establish ownership, prevent unauthorized use, and trace the origins of LLM-generated content. This paper summarizes and shares the challenges and opportunities we found when watermarking LLMs. We begin by introducing techniques for watermarking LLMs themselves under different threat models and scenarios. Next, we investigate watermarking methods designed for t"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2410.19096","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2410.19096/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:51Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"GfUniquFrMUPJB0lPR0QudN2q6eOrcfpWV7vMhmqNyydIQEbpMICb2BsFcNpyhQrlokD49w5K5PyNdZQ4rkwCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T11:10:49.682294Z"},"content_sha256":"22d880c19e60cece22d694e6a534eee200717e1b2d16ca8ff3b180ac229a0299","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:22d880c19e60cece22d694e6a534eee200717e1b2d16ca8ff3b180ac229a0299"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/5G3AN3E2EBAGDTVKPW5KIATY33/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/5G3AN3E2EBAGDTVKPW5KIATY33/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/5G3AN3E2EBAGDTVKPW5KIATY33/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-08T11:10:49Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/5G3AN3E2EBAGDTVKPW5KIATY33","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/5G3AN3E2EBAGDTVKPW5KIATY33/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/5G3AN3E2EBAGDTVKPW5KIATY33/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/5G3AN3E2EBAGDTVKPW5KIATY33/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:5G3AN3E2EBAGDTVKPW5KIATY33","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"2b71364b65ee83ec4c97447a96c1d2e10cda665371f91889dbef395ab718811d","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2024-10-24T18:55:33Z","title_canon_sha256":"3224825891fbf1bedfd4fd59d174568522a3674f0e1efe7b38e773043dbb2a08"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2410.19096","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2410.19096","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2410.19096v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2410.19096","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"5G3AN3E2EBAG","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"5G3AN3E2EBAGDTVK","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"5G3AN3E2","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:51Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:22d880c19e60cece22d694e6a534eee200717e1b2d16ca8ff3b180ac229a0299","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:51Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2410.19096/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The widely adopted and powerful generative large language models (LLMs) have raised concerns about intellectual property rights violations and the spread of machine-generated misinformation. Watermarking serves as a promising approch to establish ownership, prevent unauthorized use, and trace the origins of LLM-generated content. This paper summarizes and shares the challenges and opportunities we found when watermarking LLMs. We begin by introducing techniques for watermarking LLMs themselves under different threat models and scenarios. Next, we investigate watermarking methods designed for t","authors_text":"Farinaz Koushanfar, Ruisi Zhang","cross_cats":["cs.CL"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2024-10-24T18:55:33Z","title":"Watermarking Large Language Models and the Generated Content: Opportunities and Challenges"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2410.19096","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:c1a7fc37f530c7003f499e2480e13873b979c697e4ff12c4103c0d159260f8f9","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:51Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"2b71364b65ee83ec4c97447a96c1d2e10cda665371f91889dbef395ab718811d","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2024-10-24T18:55:33Z","title_canon_sha256":"3224825891fbf1bedfd4fd59d174568522a3674f0e1efe7b38e773043dbb2a08"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2410.19096","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"e9b606ec9a204061ceaa7dbaa40278defa7c45ca2f03b05da509a68bf746708e","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"e9b606ec9a204061ceaa7dbaa40278defa7c45ca2f03b05da509a68bf746708e","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:51.366958Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:51.366958Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"EBttroGoAr7jjeiPYXB401obvhTt2aWnDM2pkj7dKG3K+MLryyGVUTc/svPcanA4hamLI7wxlO/3QU7qIlLDCg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T09:25:51.367471Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2410.19096","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:c1a7fc37f530c7003f499e2480e13873b979c697e4ff12c4103c0d159260f8f9","sha256:22d880c19e60cece22d694e6a534eee200717e1b2d16ca8ff3b180ac229a0299"],"state_sha256":"11e9b8a553a22e896eaeb2e3dce83c2af8401498516866d7a8ce2b9354570a44"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Rhl+pbVlTRRZfAOiKoqY/NKsb6psFcXwoWaF28xB8LD3cvAd5GiOuCaZ16HaFNMhzKyTv7kA/UoMmgmI6UJuDw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T11:10:49.688381Z","bundle_sha256":"6db44eb01ebeb546a6803b9c65f2471a0bfbfa81c72f06f59e97e088388a2d91"}}