{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:5GCG5YVYQZVCBEKAXN5B5ZBGKK","short_pith_number":"pith:5GCG5YVY","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1804.04257","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2018-04-11T23:39:49Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SI"],"title_canon_sha256":"1855703ac38a998522d4983ac29f27450dc974ab45d36693279b74df5ae1e00b","abstract_canon_sha256":"c1f90e5beb3874f7665f92adb8002b347cf9bb6074029664925cf132f3c8c79a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e9846ee2b8866a209140bb7a1ee42652ae4219455e6ceb69ee1da546d57391dc","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1804.04257","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1804.04257","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:18:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1804.04257v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:18:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1804.04257","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:18:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"5GCG5YVYQZVC","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"5GCG5YVYQZVCBEKA","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"5GCG5YVY","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:08Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:5GCG5YVYQZVCBEKAXN5B5ZBGKK","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1804.04257","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2018-04-11T23:39:49Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SI"],"title_canon_sha256":"1855703ac38a998522d4983ac29f27450dc974ab45d36693279b74df5ae1e00b","abstract_canon_sha256":"c1f90e5beb3874f7665f92adb8002b347cf9bb6074029664925cf132f3c8c79a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e9846ee2b8866a209140bb7a1ee42652ae4219455e6ceb69ee1da546d57391dc","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:18:40.171678Z","signature_b64":"i/6ZxMIw3SziJmhQWTl3+mjSaZ+o/XTZ/eoX9E3/bNesNfqHmkSTxdbe/9i9ykEBSUuz57LuEjX14D9WHCp3Dw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"e9846ee2b8866a209140bb7a1ee42652ae4219455e6ceb69ee1da546d57391dc","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:18:40.170979Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:18:40.170979Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1804.04257","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:18:40Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"hKB01P6MVDd70MJNlcKUh+JKaxD5qi1ggqu974PUmBfMLJcG0VsxTP2HHcKcrBSpFgTPQmGEUP0nldRJFhlIBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T09:57:14.923039Z"},"content_sha256":"7e3566f58de3129f227a428f549bfdb288570b42bd25fd5c1c2a155ec4ff424a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7e3566f58de3129f227a428f549bfdb288570b42bd25fd5c1c2a155ec4ff424a"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:5GCG5YVYQZVCBEKAXN5B5ZBGKK","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Hate Lingo: A Target-based Linguistic Analysis of Hate Speech in Social Media","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.SI"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Dana Nguyen, Elizabeth Belding, Mai ElSherief, Vivek Kulkarni, William Yang Wang","submitted_at":"2018-04-11T23:39:49Z","abstract_excerpt":"While social media empowers freedom of expression and individual voices, it also enables anti-social behavior, online harassment, cyberbullying, and hate speech. In this paper, we deepen our understanding of online hate speech by focusing on a largely neglected but crucial aspect of hate speech -- its target: either \"directed\" towards a specific person or entity, or \"generalized\" towards a group of people sharing a common protected characteristic. We perform the first linguistic and psycholinguistic analysis of these two forms of hate speech and reveal the presence of interesting markers that "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1804.04257","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:18:40Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"uW4jhkI0rVkPxzuDbzdBTkYdndQDZglvkaXTDrxgjObJO62Lp1AJJBe8XdDQCTr+5Pbvx0tScFEj8yy8nUrxCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T09:57:14.923734Z"},"content_sha256":"81cde5cc80fd2c0b94c35fe8b7367d942df131d56454e366013bd434f2ae2840","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:81cde5cc80fd2c0b94c35fe8b7367d942df131d56454e366013bd434f2ae2840"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/5GCG5YVYQZVCBEKAXN5B5ZBGKK/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/5GCG5YVYQZVCBEKAXN5B5ZBGKK/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/5GCG5YVYQZVCBEKAXN5B5ZBGKK/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-27T09:57:14Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/5GCG5YVYQZVCBEKAXN5B5ZBGKK","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/5GCG5YVYQZVCBEKAXN5B5ZBGKK/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/5GCG5YVYQZVCBEKAXN5B5ZBGKK/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/5GCG5YVYQZVCBEKAXN5B5ZBGKK/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:5GCG5YVYQZVCBEKAXN5B5ZBGKK","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c1f90e5beb3874f7665f92adb8002b347cf9bb6074029664925cf132f3c8c79a","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2018-04-11T23:39:49Z","title_canon_sha256":"1855703ac38a998522d4983ac29f27450dc974ab45d36693279b74df5ae1e00b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1804.04257","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1804.04257","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:18:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1804.04257v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:18:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1804.04257","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:18:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"5GCG5YVYQZVC","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"5GCG5YVYQZVCBEKA","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"5GCG5YVY","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:08Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:81cde5cc80fd2c0b94c35fe8b7367d942df131d56454e366013bd434f2ae2840","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:18:40Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"While social media empowers freedom of expression and individual voices, it also enables anti-social behavior, online harassment, cyberbullying, and hate speech. In this paper, we deepen our understanding of online hate speech by focusing on a largely neglected but crucial aspect of hate speech -- its target: either \"directed\" towards a specific person or entity, or \"generalized\" towards a group of people sharing a common protected characteristic. We perform the first linguistic and psycholinguistic analysis of these two forms of hate speech and reveal the presence of interesting markers that ","authors_text":"Dana Nguyen, Elizabeth Belding, Mai ElSherief, Vivek Kulkarni, William Yang Wang","cross_cats":["cs.SI"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2018-04-11T23:39:49Z","title":"Hate Lingo: A Target-based Linguistic Analysis of Hate Speech in Social Media"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1804.04257","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:7e3566f58de3129f227a428f549bfdb288570b42bd25fd5c1c2a155ec4ff424a","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:18:40Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c1f90e5beb3874f7665f92adb8002b347cf9bb6074029664925cf132f3c8c79a","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2018-04-11T23:39:49Z","title_canon_sha256":"1855703ac38a998522d4983ac29f27450dc974ab45d36693279b74df5ae1e00b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1804.04257","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"e9846ee2b8866a209140bb7a1ee42652ae4219455e6ceb69ee1da546d57391dc","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"e9846ee2b8866a209140bb7a1ee42652ae4219455e6ceb69ee1da546d57391dc","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:18:40.170979Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:18:40.170979Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"i/6ZxMIw3SziJmhQWTl3+mjSaZ+o/XTZ/eoX9E3/bNesNfqHmkSTxdbe/9i9ykEBSUuz57LuEjX14D9WHCp3Dw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:18:40.171678Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1804.04257","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:7e3566f58de3129f227a428f549bfdb288570b42bd25fd5c1c2a155ec4ff424a","sha256:81cde5cc80fd2c0b94c35fe8b7367d942df131d56454e366013bd434f2ae2840"],"state_sha256":"3c354223ec7fcfbfd615bf1c0cd27e769e2e9d4bfe020a6dbd8318f1f111c81a"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"1/VbfmN74XlmLoSbpqn0VZ0RIK54bxH0BjcCiHIrH8OeiGKDmmdLd7RNEi9eT+ca+qz4J3qWVtkt0nlky3NpAg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T09:57:14.926958Z","bundle_sha256":"134a8274d54af93a0e4a126edb55b9b2f3413c883df3b1a988a79f985e8c269c"}}