{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2015:5HCG4GPDB2E46DNZBDBZFVEKXB","short_pith_number":"pith:5HCG4GPD","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1512.09242","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2015-12-31T08:57:51Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"7c3e9bb270a630aa5c55b0edc004cb9b44a292fe6bd1bab8e6d3e336ee345889","abstract_canon_sha256":"48a060f3f542765191d529cf8bf1df17f3182f700c9ce81099be84ef7c8b1022"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e9c46e19e30e89cf0db908c392d48ab853d9f88223013c70cce2454dfed99c85","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1512.09242","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1512.09242","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1512.09242v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1512.09242","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"5HCG4GPDB2E4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"5HCG4GPDB2E46DNZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"5HCG4GPD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:05Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2015:5HCG4GPDB2E46DNZBDBZFVEKXB","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1512.09242","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2015-12-31T08:57:51Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"7c3e9bb270a630aa5c55b0edc004cb9b44a292fe6bd1bab8e6d3e336ee345889","abstract_canon_sha256":"48a060f3f542765191d529cf8bf1df17f3182f700c9ce81099be84ef7c8b1022"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"e9c46e19e30e89cf0db908c392d48ab853d9f88223013c70cce2454dfed99c85","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:32.919058Z","signature_b64":"Zv2skgCsl2txCmlgfqrSMfaJ4D/SixB+4xFOKjYHv3380X2mK5NXK5qFHVGgK/tC2XYQeST6q06OBarQfDfXCg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"e9c46e19e30e89cf0db908c392d48ab853d9f88223013c70cce2454dfed99c85","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:32.918333Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:32.918333Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1512.09242","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:32Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"fzKKZCzU1fCyaYK6aHjv0OhzXLuRwHWIckkuj2VieeLOK3It55ul+G9AvZ9q+AxF59K84WtHtpwQAt8kNHRnCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-31T22:12:47.721464Z"},"content_sha256":"5c74066fd4a2c514b3c894e815e487d2325034b024a8977f4b8079ad4e2fabd5","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:5c74066fd4a2c514b3c894e815e487d2325034b024a8977f4b8079ad4e2fabd5"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2015:5HCG4GPDB2E46DNZBDBZFVEKXB","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Modelling and Understanding of Highly Energy Efficient Fluids","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","authors_text":"A. A. K Kumbalatara, Ajith Ukwatta, D. D. Liyanage, Jinasena Hewage, R.J.K.A. Thamali, Sanjeeva Witharana","submitted_at":"2015-12-31T08:57:51Z","abstract_excerpt":"Conventional heat carrier liquids have demonstrated remarkable enhancement in heat and mass transfer when nanoparticles were suspended in them. These liquid-nanoparticle suspensions are now known as Nanofluids. However the relationship between nanoparticles and the degree of enhancement is still unclear, thus hindering the large scale manufacturing of them. Understanding of the energy and flow behaviour of nanofluids is therefore of wide interest in both academic and industrial context. In this paper we first model the heat transfer of a nanofluid in convection in a circular tube at macro-scal"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1512.09242","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:32Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"KG78Qqgia4+/9tM7ADDPFsy8lxe/U81Xscouplp4pnvr/iZbfMGfUQm95yrNb5krC2dqDgrU335vcv1DmqPaBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-31T22:12:47.722151Z"},"content_sha256":"80436a3cc0b994126e74973e49cddcd03bae265c66915433a9403bf61102a4c8","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:80436a3cc0b994126e74973e49cddcd03bae265c66915433a9403bf61102a4c8"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/5HCG4GPDB2E46DNZBDBZFVEKXB/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/5HCG4GPDB2E46DNZBDBZFVEKXB/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/5HCG4GPDB2E46DNZBDBZFVEKXB/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-31T22:12:47Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/5HCG4GPDB2E46DNZBDBZFVEKXB","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/5HCG4GPDB2E46DNZBDBZFVEKXB/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/5HCG4GPDB2E46DNZBDBZFVEKXB/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/5HCG4GPDB2E46DNZBDBZFVEKXB/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2015:5HCG4GPDB2E46DNZBDBZFVEKXB","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"48a060f3f542765191d529cf8bf1df17f3182f700c9ce81099be84ef7c8b1022","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2015-12-31T08:57:51Z","title_canon_sha256":"7c3e9bb270a630aa5c55b0edc004cb9b44a292fe6bd1bab8e6d3e336ee345889"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1512.09242","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1512.09242","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1512.09242v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1512.09242","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"5HCG4GPDB2E4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"5HCG4GPDB2E46DNZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"5HCG4GPD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:05Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:80436a3cc0b994126e74973e49cddcd03bae265c66915433a9403bf61102a4c8","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:32Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Conventional heat carrier liquids have demonstrated remarkable enhancement in heat and mass transfer when nanoparticles were suspended in them. These liquid-nanoparticle suspensions are now known as Nanofluids. However the relationship between nanoparticles and the degree of enhancement is still unclear, thus hindering the large scale manufacturing of them. Understanding of the energy and flow behaviour of nanofluids is therefore of wide interest in both academic and industrial context. In this paper we first model the heat transfer of a nanofluid in convection in a circular tube at macro-scal","authors_text":"A. A. K Kumbalatara, Ajith Ukwatta, D. D. Liyanage, Jinasena Hewage, R.J.K.A. Thamali, Sanjeeva Witharana","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2015-12-31T08:57:51Z","title":"Modelling and Understanding of Highly Energy Efficient Fluids"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1512.09242","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:5c74066fd4a2c514b3c894e815e487d2325034b024a8977f4b8079ad4e2fabd5","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:32Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"48a060f3f542765191d529cf8bf1df17f3182f700c9ce81099be84ef7c8b1022","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2015-12-31T08:57:51Z","title_canon_sha256":"7c3e9bb270a630aa5c55b0edc004cb9b44a292fe6bd1bab8e6d3e336ee345889"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1512.09242","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"e9c46e19e30e89cf0db908c392d48ab853d9f88223013c70cce2454dfed99c85","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"e9c46e19e30e89cf0db908c392d48ab853d9f88223013c70cce2454dfed99c85","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:32.918333Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:32.918333Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Zv2skgCsl2txCmlgfqrSMfaJ4D/SixB+4xFOKjYHv3380X2mK5NXK5qFHVGgK/tC2XYQeST6q06OBarQfDfXCg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:23:32.919058Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1512.09242","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:5c74066fd4a2c514b3c894e815e487d2325034b024a8977f4b8079ad4e2fabd5","sha256:80436a3cc0b994126e74973e49cddcd03bae265c66915433a9403bf61102a4c8"],"state_sha256":"3b44e8c402c738c1d6c59c0726beffe1513fce44dd8028bb2edb9d484589b2dd"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"4VFQu2zNozHtRP8ZXRiatpy5Sca7YZJIRvVXPyk6kRVt4ldBRNNykGvsGYyIIZKsqIyynpZjIxOFxn3Rl7V7Aw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-31T22:12:47.725768Z","bundle_sha256":"86f26852ed2ea601fcffd84243f14fe4c230075075eec075ce9709a7b577bfd4"}}