{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:5J4I76M6R2FFA7WF4FCLTJSJUD","short_pith_number":"pith:5J4I76M6","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2404.11446","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-04-17T14:54:58Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CY"],"title_canon_sha256":"5598cfe60177cbb6729b3a6417c6c345c2b50728e189ef03e921b790be328c40","abstract_canon_sha256":"32ddbabedf5d78818f176f120982bd0d49015355b00a36dacb5bac8749cfafa6"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"ea788ff99e8e8a507ec5e144b9a649a0d2cc1bbe5fd06f07c4c81ebe6fc4e660","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2404.11446","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2404.11446","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:09:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2404.11446v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:09:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2404.11446","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:09:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"5J4I76M6R2FF","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:09:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"5J4I76M6R2FFA7WF","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:09:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"5J4I76M6","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:09:08Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:5J4I76M6R2FFA7WF4FCLTJSJUD","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2404.11446","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-04-17T14:54:58Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CY"],"title_canon_sha256":"5598cfe60177cbb6729b3a6417c6c345c2b50728e189ef03e921b790be328c40","abstract_canon_sha256":"32ddbabedf5d78818f176f120982bd0d49015355b00a36dacb5bac8749cfafa6"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"ea788ff99e8e8a507ec5e144b9a649a0d2cc1bbe5fd06f07c4c81ebe6fc4e660","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:09:08.964144Z","signature_b64":"eGH8QOqdaQSn+fMvmZ46ERWeNPMNgVrt9aqVetOy6DDfbRH5VZ1NKNbrI05J/nFf+GCWL3A5Jh4HLj2p1hOzBQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"ea788ff99e8e8a507ec5e144b9a649a0d2cc1bbe5fd06f07c4c81ebe6fc4e660","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:09:08.963719Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:09:08.963719Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2404.11446","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:09:08Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"eb6THwrK0bIaUprtO7+GFYrzjqnMX1dgbcRkfIBmariOhty0PIf72XONGrNLRNb2WuY9OtNfZx+Jhfc6qgprBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T20:02:33.913662Z"},"content_sha256":"f0a183a5d1ac30fa99987c524adbd8d4541a501ce2a87b1acf58142e21fe16f2","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:f0a183a5d1ac30fa99987c524adbd8d4541a501ce2a87b1acf58142e21fe16f2"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:5J4I76M6R2FFA7WF4FCLTJSJUD","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Open-Ended Wargames with Large Language Models","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CY"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Andrea Brennen, Daniel P. Hogan","submitted_at":"2024-04-17T14:54:58Z","abstract_excerpt":"Wargames are a powerful tool for understanding and rehearsing real-world decision making. Automated play of wargames using artificial intelligence (AI) enables possibilities beyond those of human-conducted games, such as playing the game many times over to see a range of possible outcomes. There are two categories of wargames: quantitative games, with discrete types of moves, and qualitative games, which revolve around open-ended responses. Historically, automation efforts have focused on quantitative games, but large language models (LLMs) make it possible to automate qualitative wargames. We"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2404.11446","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2404.11446/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:09:08Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Lf7O3KbTxO0G+J0Fg9bs4IhRwU9iF9laphAs39nlvEvrBy82PXcXys3370oy4nrfSH8eOgZWt5BmJ1uUgmDrAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T20:02:33.914692Z"},"content_sha256":"2d3de9ed548e7185e822e9c51f409d5b3e939230f4eb61ba6cd7a89cbcfb7950","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:2d3de9ed548e7185e822e9c51f409d5b3e939230f4eb61ba6cd7a89cbcfb7950"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/5J4I76M6R2FFA7WF4FCLTJSJUD/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/5J4I76M6R2FFA7WF4FCLTJSJUD/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/5J4I76M6R2FFA7WF4FCLTJSJUD/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-08T20:02:33Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/5J4I76M6R2FFA7WF4FCLTJSJUD","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/5J4I76M6R2FFA7WF4FCLTJSJUD/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/5J4I76M6R2FFA7WF4FCLTJSJUD/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/5J4I76M6R2FFA7WF4FCLTJSJUD/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:5J4I76M6R2FFA7WF4FCLTJSJUD","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"32ddbabedf5d78818f176f120982bd0d49015355b00a36dacb5bac8749cfafa6","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CY"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-04-17T14:54:58Z","title_canon_sha256":"5598cfe60177cbb6729b3a6417c6c345c2b50728e189ef03e921b790be328c40"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2404.11446","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2404.11446","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:09:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2404.11446v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:09:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2404.11446","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:09:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"5J4I76M6R2FF","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:09:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"5J4I76M6R2FFA7WF","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:09:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"5J4I76M6","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:09:08Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:2d3de9ed548e7185e822e9c51f409d5b3e939230f4eb61ba6cd7a89cbcfb7950","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:09:08Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2404.11446/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Wargames are a powerful tool for understanding and rehearsing real-world decision making. Automated play of wargames using artificial intelligence (AI) enables possibilities beyond those of human-conducted games, such as playing the game many times over to see a range of possible outcomes. There are two categories of wargames: quantitative games, with discrete types of moves, and qualitative games, which revolve around open-ended responses. Historically, automation efforts have focused on quantitative games, but large language models (LLMs) make it possible to automate qualitative wargames. We","authors_text":"Andrea Brennen, Daniel P. Hogan","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CY"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-04-17T14:54:58Z","title":"Open-Ended Wargames with Large Language Models"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2404.11446","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:f0a183a5d1ac30fa99987c524adbd8d4541a501ce2a87b1acf58142e21fe16f2","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:09:08Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"32ddbabedf5d78818f176f120982bd0d49015355b00a36dacb5bac8749cfafa6","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CY"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-04-17T14:54:58Z","title_canon_sha256":"5598cfe60177cbb6729b3a6417c6c345c2b50728e189ef03e921b790be328c40"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2404.11446","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"ea788ff99e8e8a507ec5e144b9a649a0d2cc1bbe5fd06f07c4c81ebe6fc4e660","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"ea788ff99e8e8a507ec5e144b9a649a0d2cc1bbe5fd06f07c4c81ebe6fc4e660","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:09:08.963719Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:09:08.963719Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"eGH8QOqdaQSn+fMvmZ46ERWeNPMNgVrt9aqVetOy6DDfbRH5VZ1NKNbrI05J/nFf+GCWL3A5Jh4HLj2p1hOzBQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:09:08.964144Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2404.11446","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:f0a183a5d1ac30fa99987c524adbd8d4541a501ce2a87b1acf58142e21fe16f2","sha256:2d3de9ed548e7185e822e9c51f409d5b3e939230f4eb61ba6cd7a89cbcfb7950"],"state_sha256":"1eeda077648a2a30efeaff1f518e9bfca9b0913c76e6e202e3b9199894ea394d"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"hu9Zb8bKKOqBEhTIeYtzqNMCJaxNnI4a7UNmFKlxAiUy0zg7Lan+80o0mHBOm0IllvfKv0bKORtCJFGIBgsYAA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T20:02:33.923808Z","bundle_sha256":"b3f9a459e199e98f4ef5658d16d6137c1d503f4485466d97a03b9e79888c9248"}}