{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:5KPEOUE4KZSTYWLFDVMB4FODWU","short_pith_number":"pith:5KPEOUE4","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2302.08204","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-02-16T10:36:18Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CY"],"title_canon_sha256":"32cfd9cf1fc21246b3ccac89bfb9ae7f00bf4c2530f9fe56be2c548edef8394d","abstract_canon_sha256":"7dbab9c4cedbccf4eacd49305bfa553c46a2783f56993032334ccd9129913b43"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"ea9e47509c56653c59651d581e15c3b53f617d5858580c916e2821793e166fea","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2302.08204","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2302.08204","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:44:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2302.08204v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:44:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2302.08204","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:44:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"5KPEOUE4KZST","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:44:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"5KPEOUE4KZSTYWLF","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:44:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"5KPEOUE4","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:44:47Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:5KPEOUE4KZSTYWLFDVMB4FODWU","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2302.08204","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-02-16T10:36:18Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CY"],"title_canon_sha256":"32cfd9cf1fc21246b3ccac89bfb9ae7f00bf4c2530f9fe56be2c548edef8394d","abstract_canon_sha256":"7dbab9c4cedbccf4eacd49305bfa553c46a2783f56993032334ccd9129913b43"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"ea9e47509c56653c59651d581e15c3b53f617d5858580c916e2821793e166fea","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:44:47.990122Z","signature_b64":"MX1SH/n69Nd/IVzqfJuhKIegMVGv4N6HuA9qEJ9ycId++QxtlOaf9xg9RF62AxMFPzEJ43DDwTfb0D0vPSYXCg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"ea9e47509c56653c59651d581e15c3b53f617d5858580c916e2821793e166fea","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:44:47.989591Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:44:47.989591Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2302.08204","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:44:47Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"4rUi6GeA041nZRKmWatraUwhB+dfPBp+HLgVK3TV9QDVOsHFn8BdPoYvd8rV+bOxjnDUN3aKldEr5AOmocHCDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-08T16:24:36.795718Z"},"content_sha256":"ad92b4cd37effdca780e909be0ff960cec59283cdaf048afc393e090add2e666","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ad92b4cd37effdca780e909be0ff960cec59283cdaf048afc393e090add2e666"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:5KPEOUE4KZSTYWLFDVMB4FODWU","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Counterfactual Reasoning for Bias Evaluation and Detection in a Fairness under Unawareness setting","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CY"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Azzurra Ragone, Eugenio Di Sciascio, Fedelucio Narducci, Giandomenico Cornacchia, Vito Walter Anelli","submitted_at":"2023-02-16T10:36:18Z","abstract_excerpt":"Current AI regulations require discarding sensitive features (e.g., gender, race, religion) in the algorithm's decision-making process to prevent unfair outcomes. However, even without sensitive features in the training set, algorithms can persist in discrimination. Indeed, when sensitive features are omitted (fairness under unawareness), they could be inferred through non-linear relations with the so called proxy features. In this work, we propose a way to reveal the potential hidden bias of a machine learning model that can persist even when sensitive features are discarded. This study shows"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2302.08204","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2302.08204/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:44:47Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"AJSNx1rO9lOJ21PVkt59y7CAvAh0xkBR26p0F0LDLNaTMphmmzWkn3MkVHRPfgrQiDSn/B/Yh6CyscRfB5o7Dg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-08T16:24:36.796098Z"},"content_sha256":"cb51574fef82c8ef0d9ab7e3dfd3088f1cfd37ddb358cad97da6cd36b8158997","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:cb51574fef82c8ef0d9ab7e3dfd3088f1cfd37ddb358cad97da6cd36b8158997"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/5KPEOUE4KZSTYWLFDVMB4FODWU/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/5KPEOUE4KZSTYWLFDVMB4FODWU/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/5KPEOUE4KZSTYWLFDVMB4FODWU/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-08T16:24:36Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/5KPEOUE4KZSTYWLFDVMB4FODWU","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/5KPEOUE4KZSTYWLFDVMB4FODWU/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/5KPEOUE4KZSTYWLFDVMB4FODWU/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/5KPEOUE4KZSTYWLFDVMB4FODWU/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:5KPEOUE4KZSTYWLFDVMB4FODWU","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"7dbab9c4cedbccf4eacd49305bfa553c46a2783f56993032334ccd9129913b43","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CY"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-02-16T10:36:18Z","title_canon_sha256":"32cfd9cf1fc21246b3ccac89bfb9ae7f00bf4c2530f9fe56be2c548edef8394d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2302.08204","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2302.08204","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:44:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2302.08204v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:44:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2302.08204","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:44:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"5KPEOUE4KZST","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:44:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"5KPEOUE4KZSTYWLF","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:44:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"5KPEOUE4","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:44:47Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:cb51574fef82c8ef0d9ab7e3dfd3088f1cfd37ddb358cad97da6cd36b8158997","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:44:47Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2302.08204/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Current AI regulations require discarding sensitive features (e.g., gender, race, religion) in the algorithm's decision-making process to prevent unfair outcomes. However, even without sensitive features in the training set, algorithms can persist in discrimination. Indeed, when sensitive features are omitted (fairness under unawareness), they could be inferred through non-linear relations with the so called proxy features. In this work, we propose a way to reveal the potential hidden bias of a machine learning model that can persist even when sensitive features are discarded. This study shows","authors_text":"Azzurra Ragone, Eugenio Di Sciascio, Fedelucio Narducci, Giandomenico Cornacchia, Vito Walter Anelli","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CY"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-02-16T10:36:18Z","title":"Counterfactual Reasoning for Bias Evaluation and Detection in a Fairness under Unawareness setting"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2302.08204","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:ad92b4cd37effdca780e909be0ff960cec59283cdaf048afc393e090add2e666","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:44:47Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"7dbab9c4cedbccf4eacd49305bfa553c46a2783f56993032334ccd9129913b43","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CY"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-02-16T10:36:18Z","title_canon_sha256":"32cfd9cf1fc21246b3ccac89bfb9ae7f00bf4c2530f9fe56be2c548edef8394d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2302.08204","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"ea9e47509c56653c59651d581e15c3b53f617d5858580c916e2821793e166fea","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"ea9e47509c56653c59651d581e15c3b53f617d5858580c916e2821793e166fea","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:44:47.989591Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:44:47.989591Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"MX1SH/n69Nd/IVzqfJuhKIegMVGv4N6HuA9qEJ9ycId++QxtlOaf9xg9RF62AxMFPzEJ43DDwTfb0D0vPSYXCg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:44:47.990122Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2302.08204","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:ad92b4cd37effdca780e909be0ff960cec59283cdaf048afc393e090add2e666","sha256:cb51574fef82c8ef0d9ab7e3dfd3088f1cfd37ddb358cad97da6cd36b8158997"],"state_sha256":"cb6b2f4f3c78cda1feac943aee9f305af0bf81150ee8cb6e437eccb241b14f75"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"gS3eIamZnd1bcBB3W2TwyRtCHPdsq25cVANrsS2Wd8zITr8mqCych9fmOvWk1eb5vYRSfVOol8oIiaUFuXwIBw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-08T16:24:36.798184Z","bundle_sha256":"1e2e78b8d6fe8c26ec11ec01969343f24526771b4198d39585699dc739681b1e"}}