{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:5KYRE4533FWDUWWNGA52JRCQM7","short_pith_number":"pith:5KYRE453","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1909.02224","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-09-05T06:20:43Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"d5829770286aa4b26ca565e1f1b4c30e21fb92ef9bc568cbf85fe29ca7aa22f7","abstract_canon_sha256":"18242e76a8348c94f916766c6be9b999684473ce78459c57f59a93a844e5dcf7"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"eab11273bbd96c3a5acd303ba4c45067d7186064c046b9709115570f05bcd159","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1909.02224","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1909.02224","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:03:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1909.02224v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:03:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1909.02224","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:03:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"5KYRE4533FWD","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:03:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"5KYRE4533FWDUWWN","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:03:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"5KYRE453","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:03:17Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:5KYRE4533FWDUWWNGA52JRCQM7","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1909.02224","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-09-05T06:20:43Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"d5829770286aa4b26ca565e1f1b4c30e21fb92ef9bc568cbf85fe29ca7aa22f7","abstract_canon_sha256":"18242e76a8348c94f916766c6be9b999684473ce78459c57f59a93a844e5dcf7"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"eab11273bbd96c3a5acd303ba4c45067d7186064c046b9709115570f05bcd159","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:03:17.807450Z","signature_b64":"j9qw71K1Ku7UpbECbFvvygVQi1iQuRMitUH2XGgOf16JJ8om3rH73lI4fnq+PC1h1tzvSHakO96PFe7D4otnCw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"eab11273bbd96c3a5acd303ba4c45067d7186064c046b9709115570f05bcd159","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:03:17.806964Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:03:17.806964Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1909.02224","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:03:17Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"y4kfOCkZlk747zDwAzI8HJoDAqXyuZDup/7KV/V1BYlgQikwUIJUVhINwak0IxsGrVIAjsqBiqmc5N4qIpnYCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T04:49:00.133334Z"},"content_sha256":"be22ba3c620a9074a839d81fde2ef59fa09eb1d5fec75f9a756ca7ed66d20bf1","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:be22ba3c620a9074a839d81fde2ef59fa09eb1d5fec75f9a756ca7ed66d20bf1"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:5KYRE4533FWDUWWNGA52JRCQM7","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Examining Gender Bias in Languages with Grammatical Gender","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Jieyu Zhao, Kai-Wei Chang, Kuan-Hao Huang, Muhao Chen, Pei Zhou, Ryan Cotterell, Weijia Shi","submitted_at":"2019-09-05T06:20:43Z","abstract_excerpt":"Recent studies have shown that word embeddings exhibit gender bias inherited from the training corpora. However, most studies to date have focused on quantifying and mitigating such bias only in English. These analyses cannot be directly extended to languages that exhibit morphological agreement on gender, such as Spanish and French. In this paper, we propose new metrics for evaluating gender bias in word embeddings of these languages and further demonstrate evidence of gender bias in bilingual embeddings which align these languages with English. Finally, we extend an existing approach to miti"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1909.02224","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1909.02224/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:03:17Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"5hmgE+bGrFzq9JNnskeg1HEgu2ZC23JMS4/kvZHgTeCCq9IPjH6B8/WdegCO78ku7A26ubLl+ePtHAKw1o3PDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T04:49:00.134841Z"},"content_sha256":"fe4dd25502ceab09df4a814d71a87e0731b14bbdd171c2d2d3075542e6ea6725","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:fe4dd25502ceab09df4a814d71a87e0731b14bbdd171c2d2d3075542e6ea6725"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/5KYRE4533FWDUWWNGA52JRCQM7/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/5KYRE4533FWDUWWNGA52JRCQM7/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/5KYRE4533FWDUWWNGA52JRCQM7/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-08T04:49:00Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/5KYRE4533FWDUWWNGA52JRCQM7","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/5KYRE4533FWDUWWNGA52JRCQM7/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/5KYRE4533FWDUWWNGA52JRCQM7/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/5KYRE4533FWDUWWNGA52JRCQM7/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:5KYRE4533FWDUWWNGA52JRCQM7","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"18242e76a8348c94f916766c6be9b999684473ce78459c57f59a93a844e5dcf7","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-09-05T06:20:43Z","title_canon_sha256":"d5829770286aa4b26ca565e1f1b4c30e21fb92ef9bc568cbf85fe29ca7aa22f7"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1909.02224","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1909.02224","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:03:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1909.02224v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:03:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1909.02224","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:03:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"5KYRE4533FWD","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:03:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"5KYRE4533FWDUWWN","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:03:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"5KYRE453","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:03:17Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:fe4dd25502ceab09df4a814d71a87e0731b14bbdd171c2d2d3075542e6ea6725","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:03:17Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1909.02224/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Recent studies have shown that word embeddings exhibit gender bias inherited from the training corpora. However, most studies to date have focused on quantifying and mitigating such bias only in English. These analyses cannot be directly extended to languages that exhibit morphological agreement on gender, such as Spanish and French. In this paper, we propose new metrics for evaluating gender bias in word embeddings of these languages and further demonstrate evidence of gender bias in bilingual embeddings which align these languages with English. Finally, we extend an existing approach to miti","authors_text":"Jieyu Zhao, Kai-Wei Chang, Kuan-Hao Huang, Muhao Chen, Pei Zhou, Ryan Cotterell, Weijia Shi","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-09-05T06:20:43Z","title":"Examining Gender Bias in Languages with Grammatical Gender"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1909.02224","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:be22ba3c620a9074a839d81fde2ef59fa09eb1d5fec75f9a756ca7ed66d20bf1","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:03:17Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"18242e76a8348c94f916766c6be9b999684473ce78459c57f59a93a844e5dcf7","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-09-05T06:20:43Z","title_canon_sha256":"d5829770286aa4b26ca565e1f1b4c30e21fb92ef9bc568cbf85fe29ca7aa22f7"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1909.02224","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"eab11273bbd96c3a5acd303ba4c45067d7186064c046b9709115570f05bcd159","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"eab11273bbd96c3a5acd303ba4c45067d7186064c046b9709115570f05bcd159","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:03:17.806964Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:03:17.806964Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"j9qw71K1Ku7UpbECbFvvygVQi1iQuRMitUH2XGgOf16JJ8om3rH73lI4fnq+PC1h1tzvSHakO96PFe7D4otnCw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:03:17.807450Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1909.02224","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:be22ba3c620a9074a839d81fde2ef59fa09eb1d5fec75f9a756ca7ed66d20bf1","sha256:fe4dd25502ceab09df4a814d71a87e0731b14bbdd171c2d2d3075542e6ea6725"],"state_sha256":"0a40a7df075b579d2d357e24f6f4ba74c66e0dbf1d54af8a8649af883283f50a"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"AjhBtTtYGrd4JJ372+/QPRLSK4sxT3/TzW1xMkL9Dmo1XX8x1D2zPPpXcur0kErgV9WH48XouBo6M9cwUC+9AA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T04:49:00.144210Z","bundle_sha256":"19a1de6f2296f91eabb0002ef560c5bc7894a550084521ba05059106fd70a404"}}