{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:5LTVXXHQCQIGPJCJLEOAOWHH7J","short_pith_number":"pith:5LTVXXHQ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2207.13799","kind":"arxiv","version":5},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SI","submitted_at":"2022-07-27T21:23:27Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CY"],"title_canon_sha256":"eca7fe5beabbca3028b252a168d0cbd7b891c72d4951f12eb0bb9031bfa70a00","abstract_canon_sha256":"76a574150c372997fe60374c1402a9f8d79e164f31ad4d618359ae3735aeea8c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"eae75bdcf0141067a449591c0758e7fa542298be6fbff6b9a85ba4b593fbb586","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2207.13799","version":5},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2207.13799","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2207.13799v5","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2207.13799","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"5LTVXXHQCQIG","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"5LTVXXHQCQIGPJCJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"5LTVXXHQ","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:16Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:5LTVXXHQCQIGPJCJLEOAOWHH7J","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2207.13799","kind":"arxiv","version":5},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SI","submitted_at":"2022-07-27T21:23:27Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CY"],"title_canon_sha256":"eca7fe5beabbca3028b252a168d0cbd7b891c72d4951f12eb0bb9031bfa70a00","abstract_canon_sha256":"76a574150c372997fe60374c1402a9f8d79e164f31ad4d618359ae3735aeea8c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"eae75bdcf0141067a449591c0758e7fa542298be6fbff6b9a85ba4b593fbb586","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:16.420904Z","signature_b64":"IEC8Lh1eF9x4lwcgslgoIO19XIzDA+ztMrNpARcLU+zJMexMWp4YHehQOhTKvM0gZCVhn++jXY9/18ZTQPhICw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"eae75bdcf0141067a449591c0758e7fa542298be6fbff6b9a85ba4b593fbb586","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:16.420439Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:16.420439Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2207.13799","source_version":5,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:16Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"vkEWyyMLlybhn0NI5GbzvJonzsZjGVq+SZ+b5QDnPjs+R2sXP+ZqREmwckqmyWJlRJaLT12egQ9IsRh4p5dNBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-12T12:27:11.928910Z"},"content_sha256":"e4dd1ab157a7e9fef099c879e0ab3ddedfb2f10961afa1154256b847b99e9a33","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e4dd1ab157a7e9fef099c879e0ab3ddedfb2f10961afa1154256b847b99e9a33"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:5LTVXXHQCQIGPJCJLEOAOWHH7J","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Network polarization, filter bubbles, and echo chambers: An annotated review of measures and reduction methods","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CY"],"primary_cat":"cs.SI","authors_text":"Celso C. Ribeiro, Isela Mendoza, Ruben Interian, Ruslan G. Marzo","submitted_at":"2022-07-27T21:23:27Z","abstract_excerpt":"Polarization arises when the underlying network connecting the members of a community or society becomes characterized by highly connected groups with weak inter-group connectivity. The increasing polarization, the strengthening of echo chambers, and the isolation caused by information filters in social networks are increasingly attracting the attention of researchers from different areas of knowledge such as computer science, economics, social and political sciences. This work presents an annotated review of network polarization measures and models used to handle the polarization. Several app"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2207.13799","kind":"arxiv","version":5},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2207.13799/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:16Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"XoVPFiNtwoUavB+ar85bsHrNEEcgtXVcS9oGhzuMpXDPyeboQxpDZO4Yb6h8old03l13f/RahqzG9yBGJ3uDAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-12T12:27:11.929413Z"},"content_sha256":"a3bff5a97a5d3fc5aa37035b3edbbbcec4c811ff82b43edfa5df477fa3b4871d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a3bff5a97a5d3fc5aa37035b3edbbbcec4c811ff82b43edfa5df477fa3b4871d"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/5LTVXXHQCQIGPJCJLEOAOWHH7J/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/5LTVXXHQCQIGPJCJLEOAOWHH7J/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/5LTVXXHQCQIGPJCJLEOAOWHH7J/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-12T12:27:11Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/5LTVXXHQCQIGPJCJLEOAOWHH7J","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/5LTVXXHQCQIGPJCJLEOAOWHH7J/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/5LTVXXHQCQIGPJCJLEOAOWHH7J/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/5LTVXXHQCQIGPJCJLEOAOWHH7J/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:5LTVXXHQCQIGPJCJLEOAOWHH7J","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"76a574150c372997fe60374c1402a9f8d79e164f31ad4d618359ae3735aeea8c","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CY"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SI","submitted_at":"2022-07-27T21:23:27Z","title_canon_sha256":"eca7fe5beabbca3028b252a168d0cbd7b891c72d4951f12eb0bb9031bfa70a00"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2207.13799","kind":"arxiv","version":5}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2207.13799","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2207.13799v5","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2207.13799","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"5LTVXXHQCQIG","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"5LTVXXHQCQIGPJCJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"5LTVXXHQ","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:16Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:a3bff5a97a5d3fc5aa37035b3edbbbcec4c811ff82b43edfa5df477fa3b4871d","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:16Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2207.13799/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Polarization arises when the underlying network connecting the members of a community or society becomes characterized by highly connected groups with weak inter-group connectivity. The increasing polarization, the strengthening of echo chambers, and the isolation caused by information filters in social networks are increasingly attracting the attention of researchers from different areas of knowledge such as computer science, economics, social and political sciences. This work presents an annotated review of network polarization measures and models used to handle the polarization. Several app","authors_text":"Celso C. Ribeiro, Isela Mendoza, Ruben Interian, Ruslan G. Marzo","cross_cats":["cs.CY"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SI","submitted_at":"2022-07-27T21:23:27Z","title":"Network polarization, filter bubbles, and echo chambers: An annotated review of measures and reduction methods"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2207.13799","kind":"arxiv","version":5},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:e4dd1ab157a7e9fef099c879e0ab3ddedfb2f10961afa1154256b847b99e9a33","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:16Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"76a574150c372997fe60374c1402a9f8d79e164f31ad4d618359ae3735aeea8c","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CY"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SI","submitted_at":"2022-07-27T21:23:27Z","title_canon_sha256":"eca7fe5beabbca3028b252a168d0cbd7b891c72d4951f12eb0bb9031bfa70a00"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2207.13799","kind":"arxiv","version":5}},"canonical_sha256":"eae75bdcf0141067a449591c0758e7fa542298be6fbff6b9a85ba4b593fbb586","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"eae75bdcf0141067a449591c0758e7fa542298be6fbff6b9a85ba4b593fbb586","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:16.420439Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:16.420439Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"IEC8Lh1eF9x4lwcgslgoIO19XIzDA+ztMrNpARcLU+zJMexMWp4YHehQOhTKvM0gZCVhn++jXY9/18ZTQPhICw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:58:16.420904Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2207.13799","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":5}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:e4dd1ab157a7e9fef099c879e0ab3ddedfb2f10961afa1154256b847b99e9a33","sha256:a3bff5a97a5d3fc5aa37035b3edbbbcec4c811ff82b43edfa5df477fa3b4871d"],"state_sha256":"569e81d5b4ba4dff368278059079c9185f10c7b790793da27e50a9be19d27541"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"LgFXDE1d0Bn0DVPz2f3y+AE6/Qkj1T/jLxFn9i1PMKBWXjQJVagbtnpCQIB4fj7P7CXktejKcjtDdghULrYhCQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-12T12:27:11.934292Z","bundle_sha256":"73671b06fd1727eb4a8be57a5b5430447b4954388c97db027f3e1f8242dce33c"}}