{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:5MPRZBE7XLZSAV6MIQBL2CWMME","short_pith_number":"pith:5MPRZBE7","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1903.06925","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.NI","submitted_at":"2019-03-16T13:57:29Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"152b932a08588a2f73081a031cf1822a986c8552b7458612833ac86338f387a8","abstract_canon_sha256":"1feeb141a1a9dda2c8ebcd48f5e7e1277aef083020c7e233b79827dc92837bf2"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"eb1f1c849fbaf32057cc4402bd0acc612e1f151d7f460e9f20a1b719416c20a7","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1903.06925","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1903.06925","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1903.06925v2","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1903.06925","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"5MPRZBE7XLZS","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"5MPRZBE7XLZSAV6M","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"5MPRZBE7","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:10Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:5MPRZBE7XLZSAV6MIQBL2CWMME","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1903.06925","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.NI","submitted_at":"2019-03-16T13:57:29Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"152b932a08588a2f73081a031cf1822a986c8552b7458612833ac86338f387a8","abstract_canon_sha256":"1feeb141a1a9dda2c8ebcd48f5e7e1277aef083020c7e233b79827dc92837bf2"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"eb1f1c849fbaf32057cc4402bd0acc612e1f151d7f460e9f20a1b719416c20a7","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:28.711931Z","signature_b64":"oKYzOSjw03zQYed8LrbYCAnXC9KaaoSp4DY5+nVcbZqc6RjyQ6On4ZXc2yl9JKstlXv4KKmmCcXV/C+WLYbjBg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"eb1f1c849fbaf32057cc4402bd0acc612e1f151d7f460e9f20a1b719416c20a7","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:28.711235Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:28.711235Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1903.06925","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:28Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"+RGvx2TE1TGOAyDFy5q27aezhTe6lFUvfpKQUxm5k9v58tOWEjJ9Tv/mBMqzo841rjLArRS7SskxFCrJMrsCCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-08T21:01:39.574141Z"},"content_sha256":"b7e148934a1415b585b082b3ee17a1e7731bd4b56e25c6b16562675e000b9a28","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b7e148934a1415b585b082b3ee17a1e7731bd4b56e25c6b16562675e000b9a28"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:5MPRZBE7XLZSAV6MIQBL2CWMME","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Pythia: a Framework for the Automated Analysis of Web Hosting Environments","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.NI","authors_text":"Gareth Tyson, Gianluca Stringhini, Srdjan Matic","submitted_at":"2019-03-16T13:57:29Z","abstract_excerpt":"A common approach when setting up a website is to utilize third party Web hosting and content delivery networks. Without taking this trend into account, any measurement study inspecting the deployment and operation of websites can be heavily skewed. Unfortunately, the research community lacks generalizable tools that can be used to identify how and where a given website is hosted. Instead, a number of ad hoc techniques have emerged, e.g., using Autonomous System databases, domain prefixes for CNAME records. In this work we propose Pythia, a novel lightweight approach for identifying Web conten"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1903.06925","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:28Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"26i8GddwsqFtUJDPTOd3+NnF3tgsv10i6U0lsz0ePtUPj7IHORd6NF0bYgOF+oo4L7ys3N0ccmY5aSbEyga3Dw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-08T21:01:39.574839Z"},"content_sha256":"47b9fe27b3eb9dc8538117f08d935ca9a83da86a340e415250101636a65d128d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:47b9fe27b3eb9dc8538117f08d935ca9a83da86a340e415250101636a65d128d"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/5MPRZBE7XLZSAV6MIQBL2CWMME/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/5MPRZBE7XLZSAV6MIQBL2CWMME/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/5MPRZBE7XLZSAV6MIQBL2CWMME/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-08T21:01:39Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/5MPRZBE7XLZSAV6MIQBL2CWMME","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/5MPRZBE7XLZSAV6MIQBL2CWMME/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/5MPRZBE7XLZSAV6MIQBL2CWMME/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/5MPRZBE7XLZSAV6MIQBL2CWMME/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:5MPRZBE7XLZSAV6MIQBL2CWMME","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"1feeb141a1a9dda2c8ebcd48f5e7e1277aef083020c7e233b79827dc92837bf2","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.NI","submitted_at":"2019-03-16T13:57:29Z","title_canon_sha256":"152b932a08588a2f73081a031cf1822a986c8552b7458612833ac86338f387a8"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1903.06925","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1903.06925","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1903.06925v2","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1903.06925","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"5MPRZBE7XLZS","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"5MPRZBE7XLZSAV6M","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"5MPRZBE7","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:10Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:47b9fe27b3eb9dc8538117f08d935ca9a83da86a340e415250101636a65d128d","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:28Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"A common approach when setting up a website is to utilize third party Web hosting and content delivery networks. Without taking this trend into account, any measurement study inspecting the deployment and operation of websites can be heavily skewed. Unfortunately, the research community lacks generalizable tools that can be used to identify how and where a given website is hosted. Instead, a number of ad hoc techniques have emerged, e.g., using Autonomous System databases, domain prefixes for CNAME records. In this work we propose Pythia, a novel lightweight approach for identifying Web conten","authors_text":"Gareth Tyson, Gianluca Stringhini, Srdjan Matic","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.NI","submitted_at":"2019-03-16T13:57:29Z","title":"Pythia: a Framework for the Automated Analysis of Web Hosting Environments"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1903.06925","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:b7e148934a1415b585b082b3ee17a1e7731bd4b56e25c6b16562675e000b9a28","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:28Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"1feeb141a1a9dda2c8ebcd48f5e7e1277aef083020c7e233b79827dc92837bf2","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.NI","submitted_at":"2019-03-16T13:57:29Z","title_canon_sha256":"152b932a08588a2f73081a031cf1822a986c8552b7458612833ac86338f387a8"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1903.06925","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"eb1f1c849fbaf32057cc4402bd0acc612e1f151d7f460e9f20a1b719416c20a7","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"eb1f1c849fbaf32057cc4402bd0acc612e1f151d7f460e9f20a1b719416c20a7","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:28.711235Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:28.711235Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"oKYzOSjw03zQYed8LrbYCAnXC9KaaoSp4DY5+nVcbZqc6RjyQ6On4ZXc2yl9JKstlXv4KKmmCcXV/C+WLYbjBg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:28.711931Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1903.06925","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:b7e148934a1415b585b082b3ee17a1e7731bd4b56e25c6b16562675e000b9a28","sha256:47b9fe27b3eb9dc8538117f08d935ca9a83da86a340e415250101636a65d128d"],"state_sha256":"c88ae56ed7f717cfbb84190deb99fc1963a312e5149ab317b1e8b9e6766f3af1"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"wwOWZbuQEtpUR+IWUZcZHeFOdZn+kZ5MIvpi2OrNbPpcw2QTEx9UU4QWx2mA5OnROMl6Zx3CVql340sz1vImDg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-08T21:01:39.578799Z","bundle_sha256":"97c35cd406980d5f87d51a932560a92306b056c8f126e74e18f4bbd6ec7c275b"}}