{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2009:5PJMVSCE4EFNNMJQ7O3R3VJJAO","short_pith_number":"pith:5PJMVSCE","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"0905.0531","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2009-05-05T06:19:06Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"3757456bb56bb5eeb9e38e94428dd8aa185485f909a9f9b10cb19a7f5c03f1a4","abstract_canon_sha256":"33ff1efdf829c91dbac5f47c66c6de7ad3acad38c5a28da580467a6142d868a3"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"ebd2cac844e10ad6b130fbb71dd52903a8ef42ea2a94a6df60849f3c36f6da69","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"0905.0531","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"0905.0531","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:34:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"0905.0531v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:34:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.0905.0531","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:34:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"5PJMVSCE4EFN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"5PJMVSCE4EFNNMJQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"5PJMVSCE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:58Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2009:5PJMVSCE4EFNNMJQ7O3R3VJJAO","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"0905.0531","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2009-05-05T06:19:06Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"3757456bb56bb5eeb9e38e94428dd8aa185485f909a9f9b10cb19a7f5c03f1a4","abstract_canon_sha256":"33ff1efdf829c91dbac5f47c66c6de7ad3acad38c5a28da580467a6142d868a3"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"ebd2cac844e10ad6b130fbb71dd52903a8ef42ea2a94a6df60849f3c36f6da69","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:34:59.382383Z","signature_b64":"ngXVblxcn3F6LNNVUAA6Wepe4abL1i191nwlyJcxKSw2myvBes6CFKlgyZjbAdMO06ZV0qG83Q+0fUvfOBHkBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"ebd2cac844e10ad6b130fbb71dd52903a8ef42ea2a94a6df60849f3c36f6da69","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:34:59.381927Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:34:59.381927Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"0905.0531","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:34:59Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"V9xveyjm2qq/kWV6QAQdAnLvxeNL9ggkm6wfsNEpob2ZdsKTa8p/vxxnZKkzhZNCOWQ4YRbbtHMI7ZSLwitCBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-26T05:15:54.814745Z"},"content_sha256":"c4fcfc5d5792a58b26bfe94d384a3624dbeb55c6a8ea8563480245517d9067f1","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c4fcfc5d5792a58b26bfe94d384a3624dbeb55c6a8ea8563480245517d9067f1"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2009:5PJMVSCE4EFNNMJQ7O3R3VJJAO","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Threshold error rates for the toric and surface codes","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"quant-ph","authors_text":"A. G. Fowler, A. M. Stephens, D. S. Wang, L. C. L. Hollenberg","submitted_at":"2009-05-05T06:19:06Z","abstract_excerpt":"The surface code scheme for quantum computation features a 2d array of nearest-neighbor coupled qubits yet claims a threshold error rate approaching 1% (NJoP 9:199, 2007). This result was obtained for the toric code, from which the surface code is derived, and surpasses all other known codes restricted to 2d nearest-neighbor architectures by several orders of magnitude. We describe in detail an error correction procedure for the toric and surface codes, which is based on polynomial-time graph matching techniques and is efficiently implementable as the classical feed-forward processing step in "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"0905.0531","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:34:59Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"HcKKlJPZ7HvuSKBRqRs+Pum5Wu7c8FiqOrhAy56j4DZdrNEPLgHYLJw7+hBai39tPcCtTSRUpmuvwNRD+yhDCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-26T05:15:54.815440Z"},"content_sha256":"a773adb0fe1cc003def3226d347494ba21f8d94c27a493f68f979e5d06a532f3","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a773adb0fe1cc003def3226d347494ba21f8d94c27a493f68f979e5d06a532f3"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/5PJMVSCE4EFNNMJQ7O3R3VJJAO/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/5PJMVSCE4EFNNMJQ7O3R3VJJAO/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/5PJMVSCE4EFNNMJQ7O3R3VJJAO/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-26T05:15:54Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/5PJMVSCE4EFNNMJQ7O3R3VJJAO","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/5PJMVSCE4EFNNMJQ7O3R3VJJAO/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/5PJMVSCE4EFNNMJQ7O3R3VJJAO/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/5PJMVSCE4EFNNMJQ7O3R3VJJAO/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2009:5PJMVSCE4EFNNMJQ7O3R3VJJAO","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"33ff1efdf829c91dbac5f47c66c6de7ad3acad38c5a28da580467a6142d868a3","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2009-05-05T06:19:06Z","title_canon_sha256":"3757456bb56bb5eeb9e38e94428dd8aa185485f909a9f9b10cb19a7f5c03f1a4"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"0905.0531","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"0905.0531","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:34:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"0905.0531v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:34:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.0905.0531","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:34:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"5PJMVSCE4EFN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"5PJMVSCE4EFNNMJQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"5PJMVSCE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:58Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:a773adb0fe1cc003def3226d347494ba21f8d94c27a493f68f979e5d06a532f3","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:34:59Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The surface code scheme for quantum computation features a 2d array of nearest-neighbor coupled qubits yet claims a threshold error rate approaching 1% (NJoP 9:199, 2007). This result was obtained for the toric code, from which the surface code is derived, and surpasses all other known codes restricted to 2d nearest-neighbor architectures by several orders of magnitude. We describe in detail an error correction procedure for the toric and surface codes, which is based on polynomial-time graph matching techniques and is efficiently implementable as the classical feed-forward processing step in ","authors_text":"A. G. Fowler, A. M. Stephens, D. S. Wang, L. C. L. Hollenberg","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2009-05-05T06:19:06Z","title":"Threshold error rates for the toric and surface codes"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"0905.0531","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:c4fcfc5d5792a58b26bfe94d384a3624dbeb55c6a8ea8563480245517d9067f1","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:34:59Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"33ff1efdf829c91dbac5f47c66c6de7ad3acad38c5a28da580467a6142d868a3","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2009-05-05T06:19:06Z","title_canon_sha256":"3757456bb56bb5eeb9e38e94428dd8aa185485f909a9f9b10cb19a7f5c03f1a4"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"0905.0531","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"ebd2cac844e10ad6b130fbb71dd52903a8ef42ea2a94a6df60849f3c36f6da69","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"ebd2cac844e10ad6b130fbb71dd52903a8ef42ea2a94a6df60849f3c36f6da69","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:34:59.381927Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:34:59.381927Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"ngXVblxcn3F6LNNVUAA6Wepe4abL1i191nwlyJcxKSw2myvBes6CFKlgyZjbAdMO06ZV0qG83Q+0fUvfOBHkBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:34:59.382383Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"0905.0531","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:c4fcfc5d5792a58b26bfe94d384a3624dbeb55c6a8ea8563480245517d9067f1","sha256:a773adb0fe1cc003def3226d347494ba21f8d94c27a493f68f979e5d06a532f3"],"state_sha256":"d6661eddc47afecae1aa3d4145a06d599080747b0de217927d6b836fe0240f9e"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"3R3AtQKMfbFTp1P2GN7lw/G58lvIW+2Atv9BV+K8tOei7eegzDf8LtBE8O6YQGcVCGMe4Kv2tYkDe9iPQ07aDg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-26T05:15:54.818914Z","bundle_sha256":"eb1fef7e819e54c37b04e3af26bd28dc2047b21580ed0ab2da9bef0882baf84c"}}