{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:6J5B7G7IQTZ5QMD4ALNQSOIHEY","short_pith_number":"pith:6J5B7G7I","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2101.01421","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2021-01-05T09:12:48Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"71e73cf82a048d69f7070241681f81c527eadeb849337d51033ece7dcdc097c2","abstract_canon_sha256":"3b7dd13c467deb56567b1b42080f0d2d8a2f514fb1d7380d615620ba9c1fdbb8"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"f27a1f9be884f3d8307c02db093907262a6c688cd1420df62a3b7455a61c364c","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2101.01421","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2101.01421","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2101.01421v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2101.01421","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"6J5B7G7IQTZ5","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"6J5B7G7IQTZ5QMD4","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"6J5B7G7I","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:32Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:6J5B7G7IQTZ5QMD4ALNQSOIHEY","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2101.01421","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2021-01-05T09:12:48Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"71e73cf82a048d69f7070241681f81c527eadeb849337d51033ece7dcdc097c2","abstract_canon_sha256":"3b7dd13c467deb56567b1b42080f0d2d8a2f514fb1d7380d615620ba9c1fdbb8"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"f27a1f9be884f3d8307c02db093907262a6c688cd1420df62a3b7455a61c364c","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:32.952447Z","signature_b64":"sjdyzznzM+7X8YDWjvx885gfpme8pW0lMgc4JmRdT0eQ8NXs4dSHuo+Y7J1QVvZahtd4s9bPFLgZR25XJGJgAg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"f27a1f9be884f3d8307c02db093907262a6c688cd1420df62a3b7455a61c364c","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:32.952062Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:32.952062Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2101.01421","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:32Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Gnyrkl1iVt9fK6b7q2EgVjlEW88C2J75vNNFgVYDQD9d5VbBA1zzzu8vxx6yS3EzFsw+cncIH0Vz4R7zWLs4DA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-18T17:58:59.599642Z"},"content_sha256":"cf457f6309def62e91bb059462040290a26c42b87de5681dd725bb624df55a2c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:cf457f6309def62e91bb059462040290a26c42b87de5681dd725bb624df55a2c"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:6J5B7G7IQTZ5QMD4ALNQSOIHEY","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Cybersecurity Knowledge and Skills Taught in Capture the Flag Challenges","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Jan Vykopal, Pavel \\v{C}eleda, Silvia Bri\\v{s}\\'akov\\'a, Valdemar \\v{S}v\\'abensk\\'y","submitted_at":"2021-01-05T09:12:48Z","abstract_excerpt":"Capture the Flag challenges are a popular form of cybersecurity education, where students solve hands-on tasks in an informal, game-like setting. The tasks feature diverse assignments, such as exploiting websites, cracking passwords, and breaching unsecured networks. However, it is unclear how the skills practiced by these challenges match formal cybersecurity curricula defined by security experts. We explain the significance of Capture the Flag challenges in cybersecurity training and analyze their 15,963 textual solutions collected since 2012. Based on keywords in the solutions, we map them "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2101.01421","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2101.01421/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:32Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"sjWYp1HwAiFc+KsYv6qCG4fN7bl7hF34Eff6nT1I/ZRiSnfN0TL81QbMqdWEssoWhg3MqaasSj39clxG1gt3Dg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-18T17:58:59.600184Z"},"content_sha256":"88531bad3868fb2dcc78e67e5a608adf0a87cd7effce8575d90e6513e75a0ab3","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:88531bad3868fb2dcc78e67e5a608adf0a87cd7effce8575d90e6513e75a0ab3"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/6J5B7G7IQTZ5QMD4ALNQSOIHEY/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/6J5B7G7IQTZ5QMD4ALNQSOIHEY/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/6J5B7G7IQTZ5QMD4ALNQSOIHEY/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-18T17:58:59Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/6J5B7G7IQTZ5QMD4ALNQSOIHEY","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/6J5B7G7IQTZ5QMD4ALNQSOIHEY/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/6J5B7G7IQTZ5QMD4ALNQSOIHEY/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/6J5B7G7IQTZ5QMD4ALNQSOIHEY/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:6J5B7G7IQTZ5QMD4ALNQSOIHEY","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"3b7dd13c467deb56567b1b42080f0d2d8a2f514fb1d7380d615620ba9c1fdbb8","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2021-01-05T09:12:48Z","title_canon_sha256":"71e73cf82a048d69f7070241681f81c527eadeb849337d51033ece7dcdc097c2"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2101.01421","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2101.01421","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2101.01421v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2101.01421","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"6J5B7G7IQTZ5","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"6J5B7G7IQTZ5QMD4","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"6J5B7G7I","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:32Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:88531bad3868fb2dcc78e67e5a608adf0a87cd7effce8575d90e6513e75a0ab3","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:32Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2101.01421/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Capture the Flag challenges are a popular form of cybersecurity education, where students solve hands-on tasks in an informal, game-like setting. The tasks feature diverse assignments, such as exploiting websites, cracking passwords, and breaching unsecured networks. However, it is unclear how the skills practiced by these challenges match formal cybersecurity curricula defined by security experts. We explain the significance of Capture the Flag challenges in cybersecurity training and analyze their 15,963 textual solutions collected since 2012. Based on keywords in the solutions, we map them ","authors_text":"Jan Vykopal, Pavel \\v{C}eleda, Silvia Bri\\v{s}\\'akov\\'a, Valdemar \\v{S}v\\'abensk\\'y","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2021-01-05T09:12:48Z","title":"Cybersecurity Knowledge and Skills Taught in Capture the Flag Challenges"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2101.01421","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:cf457f6309def62e91bb059462040290a26c42b87de5681dd725bb624df55a2c","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:32Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"3b7dd13c467deb56567b1b42080f0d2d8a2f514fb1d7380d615620ba9c1fdbb8","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2021-01-05T09:12:48Z","title_canon_sha256":"71e73cf82a048d69f7070241681f81c527eadeb849337d51033ece7dcdc097c2"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2101.01421","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"f27a1f9be884f3d8307c02db093907262a6c688cd1420df62a3b7455a61c364c","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"f27a1f9be884f3d8307c02db093907262a6c688cd1420df62a3b7455a61c364c","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:32.952062Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:32.952062Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"sjdyzznzM+7X8YDWjvx885gfpme8pW0lMgc4JmRdT0eQ8NXs4dSHuo+Y7J1QVvZahtd4s9bPFLgZR25XJGJgAg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:04:32.952447Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2101.01421","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:cf457f6309def62e91bb059462040290a26c42b87de5681dd725bb624df55a2c","sha256:88531bad3868fb2dcc78e67e5a608adf0a87cd7effce8575d90e6513e75a0ab3"],"state_sha256":"1daec0a8af9609a0dee5fdca0696b8575e0bcdf5c3346ad39763b1d4c4d6e31c"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"WPtUF/04OpowWF686EQuNcD4rfY+Oha9wpUuqUSZ3pXuzDEXWfVP33l20RL4zeqdCP+5zoWWyv3F7iOgtlbLCQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-18T17:58:59.616736Z","bundle_sha256":"166e6cb51e66d4a8e528fd661c586b5cd1ff052a1f997f95fa601d975ba358a0"}}