{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:6KUQCWWC5TUJRMY2Z3PZJTDHU3","short_pith_number":"pith:6KUQCWWC","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2601.15280","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.HC","submitted_at":"2026-01-21T18:58:08Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"5688d822394a56099310df2861f0f6149a7c351d2e7e3519f6c40d58ee09bd14","abstract_canon_sha256":"3af99e87580a80163dfba07ca57f6a4b625ba67860625cb5f281d934edd0ba48"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"f2a9015ac2ece898b31acedf94cc67a6d26991d703f854ceebc57a33936e9dab","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2601.15280","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2601.15280","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2601.15280v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2601.15280","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"6KUQCWWC5TUJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"6KUQCWWC5TUJRMY2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"6KUQCWWC","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:6KUQCWWC5TUJRMY2Z3PZJTDHU3","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2601.15280","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.HC","submitted_at":"2026-01-21T18:58:08Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"5688d822394a56099310df2861f0f6149a7c351d2e7e3519f6c40d58ee09bd14","abstract_canon_sha256":"3af99e87580a80163dfba07ca57f6a4b625ba67860625cb5f281d934edd0ba48"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"f2a9015ac2ece898b31acedf94cc67a6d26991d703f854ceebc57a33936e9dab","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:05.977123Z","signature_b64":"9WIeGLrd2btHCsfD30UVX82OiKUJVBPYPnsKm0WxJkHcF5hyPEPHpcTpsoGtyxL7uXRsoiSq/Z3jv8oDDRvPDA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"f2a9015ac2ece898b31acedf94cc67a6d26991d703f854ceebc57a33936e9dab","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:05.976460Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:05.976460Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2601.15280","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:05Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"CpRQ/GV/UhJvJflfq+0ZEf1IjQqLF+UlVSR9GZr69fKw5JzaBg5isYd0cAWj/t/o53/W1e95LFwTez9wrimgDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T04:46:28.219584Z"},"content_sha256":"3e5e9e212366af765df0d4f0be55c35f1c6856fa1ade8f624c1119163982995f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3e5e9e212366af765df0d4f0be55c35f1c6856fa1ade8f624c1119163982995f"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:6KUQCWWC5TUJRMY2Z3PZJTDHU3","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"LLM-based Multimodal Feedback Produces Equivalent Learning and Better Student Perceptions than Educator Feedback","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"AI multimodal feedback matches educator feedback in learning gains but improves student perceptions of clarity and motivation.","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"primary_cat":"cs.HC","authors_text":"Chloe Qianhui Zhao, Jie Cao, Jionghao Lin, Kenneth R. Koedinger","submitted_at":"2026-01-21T18:58:08Z","abstract_excerpt":"Providing timely, targeted, and multimodal feedback helps students quickly correct errors, build deep understanding and stay motivated, yet making it at scale remains a challenge. This study introduces a real-time AI-facilitated multimodal feedback system that integrates structured textual explanations with dynamic multimedia resources, including the retrieved most relevant slide page references and streaming AI audio narration. In an online crowdsourcing experiment, we compared this system against fixed business-as-usual feedback by educators across three dimensions: (1) learning effectivenes"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"Results showed that AI multimodal feedback achieved learning gains equivalent to original educator feedback while significantly outperforming it on perceived clarity, specificity, conciseness, motivation, satisfaction, and reducing cognitive load, with comparable correctness, trust, and acceptance.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"The assumption that crowdsourced online participants and fixed pre-written educator feedback accurately represent real student learning processes and typical educator feedback quality in authentic educational settings.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"LLM-based multimodal feedback matches educator feedback in learning outcomes but exceeds it in student perceptions of quality, engagement, and reduced cognitive load.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"AI multimodal feedback matches educator feedback in learning gains but improves student perceptions of clarity and motivation.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"b4c1d1e1f3d5ee2caab8b6bce373fe5288acfe6c971da4047ebfcd5ec062422c"},"source":{"id":"2601.15280","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":"f111e7ec-97b2-4cfc-a79a-d99c9e7b90af","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-16T11:44:50.077228Z","strongest_claim":"Results showed that AI multimodal feedback achieved learning gains equivalent to original educator feedback while significantly outperforming it on perceived clarity, specificity, conciseness, motivation, satisfaction, and reducing cognitive load, with comparable correctness, trust, and acceptance.","one_line_summary":"LLM-based multimodal feedback matches educator feedback in learning outcomes but exceeds it in student perceptions of quality, engagement, and reduced cognitive load.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"The assumption that crowdsourced online participants and fixed pre-written educator feedback accurately represent real student learning processes and typical educator feedback quality in authentic educational settings.","pith_extraction_headline":"AI multimodal feedback matches educator feedback in learning gains but improves student perceptions of clarity and motivation."},"references":{"count":44,"sample":[{"doi":"10.1016/j.compedu.2025.105360","year":2025,"title":"Ahmad Ari Aldino, Yi-Shan Tsai, Siddarth Gupte, Michael Henderson, Debarshi Nath, Dragan Gašević, and Guanliang Chen. 2025. Analytics of Learner-Centered Feedback: A Large-Scale Case Study in Higher E","work_id":"35a83db0-8f2f-4389-bcac-17e2b7f26585","ref_index":1,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"10.1016/j.compedu.2025.105363","year":2025,"title":"Lodge, Marie Boden, and Hassan Khosravi","work_id":"2c43cf60-f61c-47f1-ab01-8359615ea844","ref_index":2,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2025,"title":"2025.Claude Sonnet 4.5 System Card","work_id":"05591c80-8d49-4147-922a-c2ed078e4119","ref_index":3,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":null,"title":"Moraes, Fernanda Oliveira, and Carla A","work_id":"532deff8-bbbb-46c9-b64f-9fa35c716e19","ref_index":4,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":null,"title":"InArtificial Intelligence in Education, Alexandra I","work_id":"73c49507-9f02-4984-9d99-2742fb84ec55","ref_index":5,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false}],"resolved_work":44,"snapshot_sha256":"4247b5cba025158304c1387ac52430b3fe0acd5ce503a0fda7cfa0228dc6bca0","internal_anchors":2},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":"f111e7ec-97b2-4cfc-a79a-d99c9e7b90af"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:05Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"L5uAMVEOdKh3fZN1Lc0xEokeF04NX8nJdwFXZBq0vxwskBfnVSuImxyJ35DdeRW/AnwMfw1ue8eMaR5Fz+IgAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T04:46:28.220160Z"},"content_sha256":"8907af76cd24fdde5d0c51dc8d489cf6d58f3642cd2aa10226446864a6120f33","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:8907af76cd24fdde5d0c51dc8d489cf6d58f3642cd2aa10226446864a6120f33"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/6KUQCWWC5TUJRMY2Z3PZJTDHU3/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/6KUQCWWC5TUJRMY2Z3PZJTDHU3/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/6KUQCWWC5TUJRMY2Z3PZJTDHU3/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-02T04:46:28Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/6KUQCWWC5TUJRMY2Z3PZJTDHU3","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/6KUQCWWC5TUJRMY2Z3PZJTDHU3/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/6KUQCWWC5TUJRMY2Z3PZJTDHU3/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/6KUQCWWC5TUJRMY2Z3PZJTDHU3/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:6KUQCWWC5TUJRMY2Z3PZJTDHU3","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"3af99e87580a80163dfba07ca57f6a4b625ba67860625cb5f281d934edd0ba48","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.HC","submitted_at":"2026-01-21T18:58:08Z","title_canon_sha256":"5688d822394a56099310df2861f0f6149a7c351d2e7e3519f6c40d58ee09bd14"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2601.15280","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2601.15280","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2601.15280v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2601.15280","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:05Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"6KUQCWWC5TUJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"6KUQCWWC5TUJRMY2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"6KUQCWWC","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:8907af76cd24fdde5d0c51dc8d489cf6d58f3642cd2aa10226446864a6120f33","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:05Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C1","kind":"strongest_claim","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","text":"Results showed that AI multimodal feedback achieved learning gains equivalent to original educator feedback while significantly outperforming it on perceived clarity, specificity, conciseness, motivation, satisfaction, and reducing cognitive load, with comparable correctness, trust, and acceptance."},{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C2","kind":"weakest_assumption","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","text":"The assumption that crowdsourced online participants and fixed pre-written educator feedback accurately represent real student learning processes and typical educator feedback quality in authentic educational settings."},{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C3","kind":"one_line_summary","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","text":"LLM-based multimodal feedback matches educator feedback in learning outcomes but exceeds it in student perceptions of quality, engagement, and reduced cognitive load."},{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C4","kind":"headline","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","text":"AI multimodal feedback matches educator feedback in learning gains but improves student perceptions of clarity and motivation."}],"snapshot_sha256":"b4c1d1e1f3d5ee2caab8b6bce373fe5288acfe6c971da4047ebfcd5ec062422c"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Providing timely, targeted, and multimodal feedback helps students quickly correct errors, build deep understanding and stay motivated, yet making it at scale remains a challenge. This study introduces a real-time AI-facilitated multimodal feedback system that integrates structured textual explanations with dynamic multimedia resources, including the retrieved most relevant slide page references and streaming AI audio narration. In an online crowdsourcing experiment, we compared this system against fixed business-as-usual feedback by educators across three dimensions: (1) learning effectivenes","authors_text":"Chloe Qianhui Zhao, Jie Cao, Jionghao Lin, Kenneth R. Koedinger","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"headline":"AI multimodal feedback matches educator feedback in learning gains but improves student perceptions of clarity and motivation.","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.HC","submitted_at":"2026-01-21T18:58:08Z","title":"LLM-based Multimodal Feedback Produces Equivalent Learning and Better Student Perceptions than Educator Feedback"},"references":{"count":44,"internal_anchors":2,"resolved_work":44,"sample":[{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"10.1016/j.compedu.2025.105360","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":1,"title":"Ahmad Ari Aldino, Yi-Shan Tsai, Siddarth Gupte, Michael Henderson, Debarshi Nath, Dragan Gašević, and Guanliang Chen. 2025. Analytics of Learner-Centered Feedback: A Large-Scale Case Study in Higher E","work_id":"35a83db0-8f2f-4389-bcac-17e2b7f26585","year":2025},{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"10.1016/j.compedu.2025.105363","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":2,"title":"Lodge, Marie Boden, and Hassan Khosravi","work_id":"2c43cf60-f61c-47f1-ab01-8359615ea844","year":2025},{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":3,"title":"2025.Claude Sonnet 4.5 System Card","work_id":"05591c80-8d49-4147-922a-c2ed078e4119","year":2025},{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":4,"title":"Moraes, Fernanda Oliveira, and Carla A","work_id":"532deff8-bbbb-46c9-b64f-9fa35c716e19","year":null},{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":5,"title":"InArtificial Intelligence in Education, Alexandra I","work_id":"73c49507-9f02-4984-9d99-2742fb84ec55","year":null}],"snapshot_sha256":"4247b5cba025158304c1387ac52430b3fe0acd5ce503a0fda7cfa0228dc6bca0"},"source":{"id":"2601.15280","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":"2026-05-16T11:44:50.077228Z","id":"f111e7ec-97b2-4cfc-a79a-d99c9e7b90af","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"one_line_summary":"LLM-based multimodal feedback matches educator feedback in learning outcomes but exceeds it in student perceptions of quality, engagement, and reduced cognitive load.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","pith_extraction_headline":"AI multimodal feedback matches educator feedback in learning gains but improves student perceptions of clarity and motivation.","strongest_claim":"Results showed that AI multimodal feedback achieved learning gains equivalent to original educator feedback while significantly outperforming it on perceived clarity, specificity, conciseness, motivation, satisfaction, and reducing cognitive load, with comparable correctness, trust, and acceptance.","weakest_assumption":"The assumption that crowdsourced online participants and fixed pre-written educator feedback accurately represent real student learning processes and typical educator feedback quality in authentic educational settings."}},"verdict_id":"f111e7ec-97b2-4cfc-a79a-d99c9e7b90af"}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:3e5e9e212366af765df0d4f0be55c35f1c6856fa1ade8f624c1119163982995f","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:05Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"3af99e87580a80163dfba07ca57f6a4b625ba67860625cb5f281d934edd0ba48","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.HC","submitted_at":"2026-01-21T18:58:08Z","title_canon_sha256":"5688d822394a56099310df2861f0f6149a7c351d2e7e3519f6c40d58ee09bd14"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2601.15280","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"f2a9015ac2ece898b31acedf94cc67a6d26991d703f854ceebc57a33936e9dab","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"f2a9015ac2ece898b31acedf94cc67a6d26991d703f854ceebc57a33936e9dab","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:05.976460Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:05.976460Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"9WIeGLrd2btHCsfD30UVX82OiKUJVBPYPnsKm0WxJkHcF5hyPEPHpcTpsoGtyxL7uXRsoiSq/Z3jv8oDDRvPDA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:05.977123Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2601.15280","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:3e5e9e212366af765df0d4f0be55c35f1c6856fa1ade8f624c1119163982995f","sha256:8907af76cd24fdde5d0c51dc8d489cf6d58f3642cd2aa10226446864a6120f33"],"state_sha256":"05c36b7cb6015bde9a80acbb6aae57423a59d8c8c855a5497a9d820dbd557f4e"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"zyQkFnaEymyf4x9ITALMJIqwZW0V1IJlpWrvPzNB0vKYXA0J/i8J1jczTCBPA2gYhDQzkLaDo+9o3fCT2VjRBA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T04:46:28.222756Z","bundle_sha256":"eadc0d51239df5b6ad3635fd2861b9d9ab180c516ac9444857d5b16d5018b175"}}