{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:6KZVQY7E7AAXUIMTVF4DPJVLX7","short_pith_number":"pith:6KZVQY7E","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2107.12566","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2021-07-27T03:01:47Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"b304472f2d65c9e2203cf68c9e0e2a58b06c550f51f8d801c14e60e44c57309a","abstract_canon_sha256":"d4bbe2d930218cec7cd001e6cf704eb832f3cde81827cc6cd6233208f7639c5b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"f2b35863e4f8017a2193a97837a6abbff71489ade70722a1322164df93e4e0e3","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2107.12566","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2107.12566","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2107.12566v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2107.12566","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"6KZVQY7E7AAX","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"6KZVQY7E7AAXUIMT","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"6KZVQY7E","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:57Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:6KZVQY7E7AAXUIMTVF4DPJVLX7","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2107.12566","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2021-07-27T03:01:47Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"b304472f2d65c9e2203cf68c9e0e2a58b06c550f51f8d801c14e60e44c57309a","abstract_canon_sha256":"d4bbe2d930218cec7cd001e6cf704eb832f3cde81827cc6cd6233208f7639c5b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"f2b35863e4f8017a2193a97837a6abbff71489ade70722a1322164df93e4e0e3","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:57.719906Z","signature_b64":"60YRLVV94loeu45rHVp3XhYCTc8buZHffkYO/hqrdqnnLeS1DE1P3tT6rWbfnnOyi9EIf23hn+ufg0PKEH0LDQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"f2b35863e4f8017a2193a97837a6abbff71489ade70722a1322164df93e4e0e3","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:57.719538Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:57.719538Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2107.12566","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:57Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Xs8xvYZWww+fjKZxuadnxkHsL39qzVBRlVgK90dYPrFtEvdmgaBaCEA1s57c0MLu7krzgSP7bGhCtR0rcZvEDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T17:44:56.674641Z"},"content_sha256":"26fb7faeeed45565203175cf78b130866f2bdfe1e28478ccfa7838c82770ee32","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:26fb7faeeed45565203175cf78b130866f2bdfe1e28478ccfa7838c82770ee32"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:6KZVQY7E7AAXUIMTVF4DPJVLX7","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Thunder CTF: Learning Cloud Security on a Dime","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Nicholas Springer (1), Wu-chang Feng (1) ((1) Portland State University)","submitted_at":"2021-07-27T03:01:47Z","abstract_excerpt":"Organizations have rapidly shifted infrastructure and applications over to public cloud computing services such as AWS (Amazon Web Services), Google Cloud Platform, and Azure. Unfortunately, such services have security models that are substantially different and more complex than traditional enterprise security models. As a result, misconfiguration errors in cloud deployments have led to dozens of well-publicized breaches. This paper describes Thunder CTF, a scaffolded, scenario-based CTF (Capture-the-Flag) for helping students learn about and practice cloud security skills. Thunder CTF is eas"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2107.12566","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2107.12566/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:57Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Qa/QGWeWj2lJoz0C8UrBtRBr1Gqf8kl2B0aUFh++ftRmeDOAXo3jnSAuJpRukPlCelmRHN/FJo2OOHafxhJEBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T17:44:56.675147Z"},"content_sha256":"d59cc82865d56a004a83bda7f8d3a3b2f9fee41e700dc549f2def7040567fd54","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d59cc82865d56a004a83bda7f8d3a3b2f9fee41e700dc549f2def7040567fd54"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/6KZVQY7E7AAXUIMTVF4DPJVLX7/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/6KZVQY7E7AAXUIMTVF4DPJVLX7/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/6KZVQY7E7AAXUIMTVF4DPJVLX7/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-09T17:44:56Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/6KZVQY7E7AAXUIMTVF4DPJVLX7","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/6KZVQY7E7AAXUIMTVF4DPJVLX7/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/6KZVQY7E7AAXUIMTVF4DPJVLX7/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/6KZVQY7E7AAXUIMTVF4DPJVLX7/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:6KZVQY7E7AAXUIMTVF4DPJVLX7","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d4bbe2d930218cec7cd001e6cf704eb832f3cde81827cc6cd6233208f7639c5b","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2021-07-27T03:01:47Z","title_canon_sha256":"b304472f2d65c9e2203cf68c9e0e2a58b06c550f51f8d801c14e60e44c57309a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2107.12566","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2107.12566","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2107.12566v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2107.12566","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"6KZVQY7E7AAX","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"6KZVQY7E7AAXUIMT","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"6KZVQY7E","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:57Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:d59cc82865d56a004a83bda7f8d3a3b2f9fee41e700dc549f2def7040567fd54","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:57Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2107.12566/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Organizations have rapidly shifted infrastructure and applications over to public cloud computing services such as AWS (Amazon Web Services), Google Cloud Platform, and Azure. Unfortunately, such services have security models that are substantially different and more complex than traditional enterprise security models. As a result, misconfiguration errors in cloud deployments have led to dozens of well-publicized breaches. This paper describes Thunder CTF, a scaffolded, scenario-based CTF (Capture-the-Flag) for helping students learn about and practice cloud security skills. Thunder CTF is eas","authors_text":"Nicholas Springer (1), Wu-chang Feng (1) ((1) Portland State University)","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2021-07-27T03:01:47Z","title":"Thunder CTF: Learning Cloud Security on a Dime"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2107.12566","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:26fb7faeeed45565203175cf78b130866f2bdfe1e28478ccfa7838c82770ee32","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:57Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d4bbe2d930218cec7cd001e6cf704eb832f3cde81827cc6cd6233208f7639c5b","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2021-07-27T03:01:47Z","title_canon_sha256":"b304472f2d65c9e2203cf68c9e0e2a58b06c550f51f8d801c14e60e44c57309a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2107.12566","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"f2b35863e4f8017a2193a97837a6abbff71489ade70722a1322164df93e4e0e3","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"f2b35863e4f8017a2193a97837a6abbff71489ade70722a1322164df93e4e0e3","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:57.719538Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:57.719538Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"60YRLVV94loeu45rHVp3XhYCTc8buZHffkYO/hqrdqnnLeS1DE1P3tT6rWbfnnOyi9EIf23hn+ufg0PKEH0LDQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:00:57.719906Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2107.12566","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:26fb7faeeed45565203175cf78b130866f2bdfe1e28478ccfa7838c82770ee32","sha256:d59cc82865d56a004a83bda7f8d3a3b2f9fee41e700dc549f2def7040567fd54"],"state_sha256":"3fc255b5d55eb2b307be4ae9467c89ca4371ab5f3fdcb3189d4128412815909f"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ef/AErz29lJA6N0IVOIeyDRDjHxc9oOY4o54ZbGXNurl5hPDNLDYw45d0eqBOBOCYNUYt1xJED6ifK8N/XEHBQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T17:44:56.679295Z","bundle_sha256":"49c70eb2eedbd5b41457db5e86fa5364472ab8058a5d1c1a6fd12f0d520a024a"}}