{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2017:6LQWNQBWGE5H6CN5XUL4GBVUIZ","short_pith_number":"pith:6LQWNQBW","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1712.05024","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.IM","submitted_at":"2017-12-13T21:59:50Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"44459efe24e3a9d5cbb71b5f42ecd02c3f5ea473e14b8ac4b6c23e1360c3bb74","abstract_canon_sha256":"578245a6edcccda75c28023e7c20b01e2d7e83082ab29280463d63ecbafd6987"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"f2e166c036313a7f09bdbd17c306b4465d994d380bec844187c4a4a62551cc39","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1712.05024","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1712.05024","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1712.05024v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1712.05024","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"6LQWNQBWGE5H","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"6LQWNQBWGE5H6CN5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"6LQWNQBW","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:03Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2017:6LQWNQBWGE5H6CN5XUL4GBVUIZ","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1712.05024","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.IM","submitted_at":"2017-12-13T21:59:50Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"44459efe24e3a9d5cbb71b5f42ecd02c3f5ea473e14b8ac4b6c23e1360c3bb74","abstract_canon_sha256":"578245a6edcccda75c28023e7c20b01e2d7e83082ab29280463d63ecbafd6987"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"f2e166c036313a7f09bdbd17c306b4465d994d380bec844187c4a4a62551cc39","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:10.775448Z","signature_b64":"43zscxRYUl6L+ZD4v1vtsckKk3fgTiRuU8QrnrxHtZz5C+YOwN4arAyIPdBScmrG59qer6v7h3vAHELmI8uOAg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"f2e166c036313a7f09bdbd17c306b4465d994d380bec844187c4a4a62551cc39","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:10.774902Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:10.774902Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1712.05024","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:10Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"1L15OD/AyWEsNTr12SWEyyTzaeRNnKCHP/pvombBxT98Ij+N7yjMAHKSzaY507Cro7HqBxQbsPFIDpmsD7fvDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-08T04:57:03.165615Z"},"content_sha256":"e454ef6688e09b892d2d9ea74454c2aec1309f22e432a9b5a56055f854f32e32","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e454ef6688e09b892d2d9ea74454c2aec1309f22e432a9b5a56055f854f32e32"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2017:6LQWNQBWGE5H6CN5XUL4GBVUIZ","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Umbrella sampling: a powerful method to sample tails of distributions","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.IM","authors_text":"(2) Department of Astronomy, (3) Fermilab, 4) ((1) Department of Statistics, (4) Leadership Computing Facility, Andrey Kravtsov (2) Elise Jennings (3, Argonne National Laboratory), Astrophysics, Charles Matthews (1), Enrico Fermi Institute, James Frank Institute, Jonathan Weare (1), Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, The University of Chicago","submitted_at":"2017-12-13T21:59:50Z","abstract_excerpt":"We present the umbrella sampling (US) technique and show that it can be used to sample extremely low probability areas of the posterior distribution that may be required in statistical analyses of data. In this approach sampling of the target likelihood is split into sampling of multiple biased likelihoods confined within individual umbrella windows. We show that the US algorithm is efficient and highly parallel and that it can be easily used with other existing MCMC samplers. The method allows the user to capitalize on their intuition and define umbrella windows and increase sampling accuracy"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1712.05024","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:10Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"1v4q3Ge/Lf5ZKEtYChLpwiACNYeQrloPzoe2oREK2baY26X/iXlhC8HfvJZguvOxreB7Ytd1mS0UKhRJO3l0Dw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-08T04:57:03.166244Z"},"content_sha256":"7edaae2ed6d5c997ce6ac4ffe48ac34c24bcc245060fc750013cfc1bc70d029d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7edaae2ed6d5c997ce6ac4ffe48ac34c24bcc245060fc750013cfc1bc70d029d"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/6LQWNQBWGE5H6CN5XUL4GBVUIZ/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/6LQWNQBWGE5H6CN5XUL4GBVUIZ/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/6LQWNQBWGE5H6CN5XUL4GBVUIZ/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-08T04:57:03Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/6LQWNQBWGE5H6CN5XUL4GBVUIZ","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/6LQWNQBWGE5H6CN5XUL4GBVUIZ/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/6LQWNQBWGE5H6CN5XUL4GBVUIZ/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/6LQWNQBWGE5H6CN5XUL4GBVUIZ/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2017:6LQWNQBWGE5H6CN5XUL4GBVUIZ","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"578245a6edcccda75c28023e7c20b01e2d7e83082ab29280463d63ecbafd6987","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.IM","submitted_at":"2017-12-13T21:59:50Z","title_canon_sha256":"44459efe24e3a9d5cbb71b5f42ecd02c3f5ea473e14b8ac4b6c23e1360c3bb74"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1712.05024","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1712.05024","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1712.05024v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1712.05024","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"6LQWNQBWGE5H","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"6LQWNQBWGE5H6CN5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"6LQWNQBW","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:03Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:7edaae2ed6d5c997ce6ac4ffe48ac34c24bcc245060fc750013cfc1bc70d029d","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:10Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We present the umbrella sampling (US) technique and show that it can be used to sample extremely low probability areas of the posterior distribution that may be required in statistical analyses of data. In this approach sampling of the target likelihood is split into sampling of multiple biased likelihoods confined within individual umbrella windows. We show that the US algorithm is efficient and highly parallel and that it can be easily used with other existing MCMC samplers. The method allows the user to capitalize on their intuition and define umbrella windows and increase sampling accuracy","authors_text":"(2) Department of Astronomy, (3) Fermilab, 4) ((1) Department of Statistics, (4) Leadership Computing Facility, Andrey Kravtsov (2) Elise Jennings (3, Argonne National Laboratory), Astrophysics, Charles Matthews (1), Enrico Fermi Institute, James Frank Institute, Jonathan Weare (1), Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, The University of Chicago","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.IM","submitted_at":"2017-12-13T21:59:50Z","title":"Umbrella sampling: a powerful method to sample tails of distributions"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1712.05024","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:e454ef6688e09b892d2d9ea74454c2aec1309f22e432a9b5a56055f854f32e32","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:10Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"578245a6edcccda75c28023e7c20b01e2d7e83082ab29280463d63ecbafd6987","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.IM","submitted_at":"2017-12-13T21:59:50Z","title_canon_sha256":"44459efe24e3a9d5cbb71b5f42ecd02c3f5ea473e14b8ac4b6c23e1360c3bb74"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1712.05024","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"f2e166c036313a7f09bdbd17c306b4465d994d380bec844187c4a4a62551cc39","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"f2e166c036313a7f09bdbd17c306b4465d994d380bec844187c4a4a62551cc39","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:10.774902Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:10.774902Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"43zscxRYUl6L+ZD4v1vtsckKk3fgTiRuU8QrnrxHtZz5C+YOwN4arAyIPdBScmrG59qer6v7h3vAHELmI8uOAg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:10.775448Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1712.05024","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:e454ef6688e09b892d2d9ea74454c2aec1309f22e432a9b5a56055f854f32e32","sha256:7edaae2ed6d5c997ce6ac4ffe48ac34c24bcc245060fc750013cfc1bc70d029d"],"state_sha256":"027d2ddd77f73de7944149ae1845a0b96a7b435dbf61cfd61ad652256c58f2e1"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"JeQM5CPHIFfGZmAYRDmAdPZayf/J0kOoW1Dyx12HMU7cRYpw1fiI7EO6NL1Y9zZ+5NUfSp/PdPDm149glXbeBQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-08T04:57:03.169998Z","bundle_sha256":"508c04ae87d81d3196189eb8ce9dc2ef5cbae5a453191bc8de5448d107a82e25"}}