{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:6RAY7V35YMI2TNP5DA3TOZGAXL","short_pith_number":"pith:6RAY7V35","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1906.05271","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2019-06-12T17:53:25Z","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"ebdb3960555c102cdf0db12b515b290f3e2bf2f90c5fc894a1012ca15cea82bf","abstract_canon_sha256":"4ca00131e4e115c8a058bc5ea8e9f20cb9670c8a5a9d73394cf4e6f78fec44c1"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"f4418fd77dc311a9b5fd18373764c0bae4847701eab895f9c0bae11b834abf45","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1906.05271","version":4},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1906.05271","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:05:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1906.05271v4","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:05:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1906.05271","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:05:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"6RAY7V35YMI2","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:05:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"6RAY7V35YMI2TNP5","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:05:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"6RAY7V35","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:05:37Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:6RAY7V35YMI2TNP5DA3TOZGAXL","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1906.05271","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2019-06-12T17:53:25Z","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"ebdb3960555c102cdf0db12b515b290f3e2bf2f90c5fc894a1012ca15cea82bf","abstract_canon_sha256":"4ca00131e4e115c8a058bc5ea8e9f20cb9670c8a5a9d73394cf4e6f78fec44c1"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"f4418fd77dc311a9b5fd18373764c0bae4847701eab895f9c0bae11b834abf45","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:05:37.079826Z","signature_b64":"XsbJc6jZssCCF+eqZQKoiekz6g6a02uRR96MlsewNpaR2NxbWwhYL6gqhpimnEjLcUZpOtlvO/4PVSztjjJWBw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"f4418fd77dc311a9b5fd18373764c0bae4847701eab895f9c0bae11b834abf45","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:05:37.079337Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:05:37.079337Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1906.05271","source_version":4,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:05:37Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"5Ss3o/FUQ9W8oY5fCdcJ0EoVla4yWnfhoQIbi1r01FuAlFcE4DZPgNc26/f6snxxYtREWQInJqb+6XZDrRQxCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T06:50:12.096224Z"},"content_sha256":"1c1c10220a644c46b900352084ae2425d537d417d37aa06f6cb6268ec403936a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:1c1c10220a644c46b900352084ae2425d537d417d37aa06f6cb6268ec403936a"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:6RAY7V35YMI2TNP5DA3TOZGAXL","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Does Learning Require Memorization? A Short Tale about a Long Tail","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["stat.ML"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Vitaly Feldman","submitted_at":"2019-06-12T17:53:25Z","abstract_excerpt":"State-of-the-art results on image recognition tasks are achieved using over-parameterized learning algorithms that (nearly) perfectly fit the training set and are known to fit well even random labels. This tendency to memorize the labels of the training data is not explained by existing theoretical analyses. Memorization of the training data also presents significant privacy risks when the training data contains sensitive personal information and thus it is important to understand whether such memorization is necessary for accurate learning.\n  We provide the first conceptual explanation and a "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1906.05271","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1906.05271/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:05:37Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"TBQ//PjOMe05ub2qMUv8HZMFL8friuY2mSZy07v7znwZEzp7bZmAGY1k8/gNCusjFJcarchfWYdEoafWanuJDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T06:50:12.096760Z"},"content_sha256":"0e395d7094b2ee822e91331cc5ae23665d1057416ea9932e72c43d157a6e3aed","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:0e395d7094b2ee822e91331cc5ae23665d1057416ea9932e72c43d157a6e3aed"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/6RAY7V35YMI2TNP5DA3TOZGAXL/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/6RAY7V35YMI2TNP5DA3TOZGAXL/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/6RAY7V35YMI2TNP5DA3TOZGAXL/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-05T06:50:12Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/6RAY7V35YMI2TNP5DA3TOZGAXL","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/6RAY7V35YMI2TNP5DA3TOZGAXL/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/6RAY7V35YMI2TNP5DA3TOZGAXL/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/6RAY7V35YMI2TNP5DA3TOZGAXL/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:6RAY7V35YMI2TNP5DA3TOZGAXL","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4ca00131e4e115c8a058bc5ea8e9f20cb9670c8a5a9d73394cf4e6f78fec44c1","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2019-06-12T17:53:25Z","title_canon_sha256":"ebdb3960555c102cdf0db12b515b290f3e2bf2f90c5fc894a1012ca15cea82bf"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1906.05271","kind":"arxiv","version":4}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1906.05271","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:05:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1906.05271v4","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:05:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1906.05271","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:05:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"6RAY7V35YMI2","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:05:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"6RAY7V35YMI2TNP5","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:05:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"6RAY7V35","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:05:37Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:0e395d7094b2ee822e91331cc5ae23665d1057416ea9932e72c43d157a6e3aed","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:05:37Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1906.05271/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"State-of-the-art results on image recognition tasks are achieved using over-parameterized learning algorithms that (nearly) perfectly fit the training set and are known to fit well even random labels. This tendency to memorize the labels of the training data is not explained by existing theoretical analyses. Memorization of the training data also presents significant privacy risks when the training data contains sensitive personal information and thus it is important to understand whether such memorization is necessary for accurate learning.\n  We provide the first conceptual explanation and a ","authors_text":"Vitaly Feldman","cross_cats":["stat.ML"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2019-06-12T17:53:25Z","title":"Does Learning Require Memorization? A Short Tale about a Long Tail"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1906.05271","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:1c1c10220a644c46b900352084ae2425d537d417d37aa06f6cb6268ec403936a","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:05:37Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4ca00131e4e115c8a058bc5ea8e9f20cb9670c8a5a9d73394cf4e6f78fec44c1","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2019-06-12T17:53:25Z","title_canon_sha256":"ebdb3960555c102cdf0db12b515b290f3e2bf2f90c5fc894a1012ca15cea82bf"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1906.05271","kind":"arxiv","version":4}},"canonical_sha256":"f4418fd77dc311a9b5fd18373764c0bae4847701eab895f9c0bae11b834abf45","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"f4418fd77dc311a9b5fd18373764c0bae4847701eab895f9c0bae11b834abf45","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:05:37.079337Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:05:37.079337Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"XsbJc6jZssCCF+eqZQKoiekz6g6a02uRR96MlsewNpaR2NxbWwhYL6gqhpimnEjLcUZpOtlvO/4PVSztjjJWBw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:05:37.079826Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1906.05271","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":4}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:1c1c10220a644c46b900352084ae2425d537d417d37aa06f6cb6268ec403936a","sha256:0e395d7094b2ee822e91331cc5ae23665d1057416ea9932e72c43d157a6e3aed"],"state_sha256":"d7de6f6902812ee47bdef1d5f5d9ef66bcdf3809a20ba35a34093a56d89be5cf"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"yPIW3Xj8P/d7yWwez1SmuKw7g5klM9/fmMd7JkkuM/3pgX0XWHmOxlsQP0ijotcUXoeYG6sBebdwdzKmcduyDA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T06:50:12.100268Z","bundle_sha256":"291561045cc0f41699a843d3febecf816c68339195418613c3b468a45e302c1d"}}