{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:6RKB4IUWMXMKX5B6WNAF5ILPKW","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d6c79cb3e138da34a9db2bfc05ee7451a77d36de7abaacb791497205e84ff51f","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SY"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"eess.SY","submitted_at":"2026-05-13T22:30:12Z","title_canon_sha256":"805cd021b7c4c85f7b3073f1cc62fc61818724ce1edbffa3adfc1801a3064c3b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2605.14161","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2605.14161","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:39:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2605.14161v1","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:39:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.14161","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:39:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"6RKB4IUWMXMK","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"6RKB4IUWMXMKX5B6","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"6RKB4IUW","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:5a1e043f791a725e59fb3fb63b4145df439234ddd9299721e270be9cc38d931e","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:39:11Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C1","kind":"strongest_claim","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","text":"The ESC algorithm successfully tracks the time-varying optimal droop coefficient in real-time as network conditions change, thereby ensuring robust and near-optimal system performance without requiring an analytical grid model."},{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C2","kind":"weakest_assumption","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","text":"The multi-objective cost function is convex with respect to the droop parameter, which justifies the use of gradient-based optimization via extremum seeking."},{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C3","kind":"one_line_summary","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","text":"Relay-based extremum seeking control dynamically optimizes the droop coefficient in grid-forming inverters to improve transient performance on a simulated large-scale power system."},{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C4","kind":"headline","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","text":"Extremum seeking tunes droop in grid-forming inverters for real-time optimal transients"}],"snapshot_sha256":"36e48241c772c3538ff0564ecdbae5c85bb96417657895faac66455d9954e2a6"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":1,"snapshot_sha256":"1b6896af538ec22c6dd609f57128a85eefbb6dff655cc75b14583c998555229a"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Grid-forming (GFM) inverters are essential for enhancing stability in modern power systems with high penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs). However, their performance highly depends on control parameters tuning, particularly the active power-frequency droop coefficient. This parameter presents a trade-off among competing objectives, including damping, settling time, rate of change of frequencies (RoCoF) and frequency nadirs. This paper proposes a real-time, adaptive optimization framework based on Extremum Seeking Control (ESC) to dynamically tune the GFM droop gain. A multi-objective","authors_text":"Kyung-Bin Kwon, Min Gyung Yu, Sayak Mukherjee, Timothy I. Salsbury","cross_cats":["cs.SY"],"headline":"Extremum seeking tunes droop in grid-forming inverters for real-time optimal transients","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"eess.SY","submitted_at":"2026-05-13T22:30:12Z","title":"Optimizing Grid-Forming Controls using Relay-based Extremum Seeking to Enhance Transient Performance"},"references":{"count":18,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":18,"sample":[{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":1,"title":"A Comparative Study of Two Widely Used Grid-forming Droop Controls on Microgrid Small-Signal Sta- bility,","work_id":"4ca58da2-d144-4f82-a03f-2b1f0fc625a8","year":2019},{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":2,"title":"Grid-forming invert- ers: A critical asset for the power grid,","work_id":"997e4280-fc68-4599-818c-f2e6ad4d24cd","year":2019},{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":4,"title":"A Comparative Study of Two Widely Used Grid- Forming Droop Controls on Microgrid Small-Signal Stability,","work_id":"1b033edd-8c7a-4d73-a0b7-6e9154039bda","year":2020},{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":5,"title":"Synthesizing Virtual Oscillators to Control Islanded Inverters,","work_id":"5c5456e5-d789-4808-8a3f-11b1a20a83fe","year":2016},{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":6,"title":"Insights Into Dissipating Energy-Based Source/Sink Characterization of TCSC and STATCOM for Low-Frequency Oscillations,","work_id":"8232d8b7-f97c-4360-b078-f4e3f6c9358e","year":2023}],"snapshot_sha256":"d055e364d8e730ea8d5fe60cf85008991b130552a51164fa9187238f8e7f3344"},"source":{"id":"2605.14161","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":"2026-05-15T01:57:02.878980Z","id":"d987498f-140a-4bd9-8aca-2d09ac81c572","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"one_line_summary":"Relay-based extremum seeking control dynamically optimizes the droop coefficient in grid-forming inverters to improve transient performance on a simulated large-scale power system.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","pith_extraction_headline":"Extremum seeking tunes droop in grid-forming inverters for real-time optimal transients","strongest_claim":"The ESC algorithm successfully tracks the time-varying optimal droop coefficient in real-time as network conditions change, thereby ensuring robust and near-optimal system performance without requiring an analytical grid model.","weakest_assumption":"The multi-objective cost function is convex with respect to the droop parameter, which justifies the use of gradient-based optimization via extremum seeking."}},"verdict_id":"d987498f-140a-4bd9-8aca-2d09ac81c572"}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:4ad44611fdbefeab2d5dd9186d41407f4fd16a8ed8936eb389d339cddc21c9ae","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:39:11Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d6c79cb3e138da34a9db2bfc05ee7451a77d36de7abaacb791497205e84ff51f","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SY"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"eess.SY","submitted_at":"2026-05-13T22:30:12Z","title_canon_sha256":"805cd021b7c4c85f7b3073f1cc62fc61818724ce1edbffa3adfc1801a3064c3b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2605.14161","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"f4541e229665d8abf43eb3405ea16f55b804da8f80037d8f85f5a8cb07b538cc","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"f4541e229665d8abf43eb3405ea16f55b804da8f80037d8f85f5a8cb07b538cc","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:39:11.474204Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:39:11.474204Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"OZl+wqnEZIlBk+jeRu3H22JPeGIhLxxsmpGuh8K3dMeGUTMjd9C6lZWcn+iAyI93WVw1F7Mqa5RQUYOGfLLPCw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:39:11.474708Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2605.14161","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:4ad44611fdbefeab2d5dd9186d41407f4fd16a8ed8936eb389d339cddc21c9ae","sha256:5a1e043f791a725e59fb3fb63b4145df439234ddd9299721e270be9cc38d931e"],"state_sha256":"f937aef1fdd82430cdfa84bc974ca8519ab6947d8fae362a3ba6b76aeff11f7a"}