{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:6ZL5KO52ONIFPEVXFATN7POAQS","short_pith_number":"pith:6ZL5KO52","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2302.07090","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-02-14T14:42:54Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CC","cs.GT"],"title_canon_sha256":"f571edf422ad2d41a8f46c5c580e9dccc4e9076edbe1736bc23bdb3846d37eda","abstract_canon_sha256":"0f8ea2ba535bc1d001df12def5f6a7f9b96adceb39973c2f9e86df113ec94782"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"f657d53bba73505792b72826dfbdc08483fae79aef6e868c34b64d12a81fb869","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2302.07090","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2302.07090","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:56:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2302.07090v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:56:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2302.07090","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:56:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"6ZL5KO52ONIF","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:56:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"6ZL5KO52ONIFPEVX","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:56:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"6ZL5KO52","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:56:02Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:6ZL5KO52ONIFPEVXFATN7POAQS","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2302.07090","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-02-14T14:42:54Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CC","cs.GT"],"title_canon_sha256":"f571edf422ad2d41a8f46c5c580e9dccc4e9076edbe1736bc23bdb3846d37eda","abstract_canon_sha256":"0f8ea2ba535bc1d001df12def5f6a7f9b96adceb39973c2f9e86df113ec94782"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"f657d53bba73505792b72826dfbdc08483fae79aef6e868c34b64d12a81fb869","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:56:02.749902Z","signature_b64":"eXQnxxms7l8TilP7Gppg+IT5bteXHGQ+v4N7/hDYEwocKE3r9JHa7HzLwesLIBNtEGMrbUJihQYTy8ye+050Cw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"f657d53bba73505792b72826dfbdc08483fae79aef6e868c34b64d12a81fb869","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:56:02.749396Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:56:02.749396Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2302.07090","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:56:02Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"+5PzxJiq0/YXQn6bBpYmhvbXEG3XaPhnamkJw3U/7WwgcKAlivk6QOvH+GjjEremukH3sa2lLKcihXEPczE6DA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T06:55:21.772125Z"},"content_sha256":"771b32139b236815692e8628c40feee0c3d6fefb6e5d638703381ce0d5168293","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:771b32139b236815692e8628c40feee0c3d6fefb6e5d638703381ce0d5168293"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:6ZL5KO52ONIFPEVXFATN7POAQS","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"A Complete Expressiveness Hierarchy for Subgraph GNNs via Subgraph Weisfeiler-Lehman Tests","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CC","cs.GT"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Bohang Zhang, Di He, Guhao Feng, Liwei Wang, Yiheng Du","submitted_at":"2023-02-14T14:42:54Z","abstract_excerpt":"Recently, subgraph GNNs have emerged as an important direction for developing expressive graph neural networks (GNNs). While numerous architectures have been proposed, so far there is still a limited understanding of how various design paradigms differ in terms of expressive power, nor is it clear what design principle achieves maximal expressiveness with minimal architectural complexity. To address these fundamental questions, this paper conducts a systematic study of general node-based subgraph GNNs through the lens of Subgraph Weisfeiler-Lehman Tests (SWL). Our central result is to build a "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2302.07090","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2302.07090/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:56:02Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"mVLNQngPHMMGF76KKEFJbvvuyhErpWlRNBeZT8CRXdbXQGOuHYMOvTX+65t945lIPGagdCiw5oJNReruZwTqAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T06:55:21.772521Z"},"content_sha256":"d464cfd2cfb0ec9c5a6c2d4358519d2185211c951b4989269b0cb7e9e6ff2947","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d464cfd2cfb0ec9c5a6c2d4358519d2185211c951b4989269b0cb7e9e6ff2947"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/6ZL5KO52ONIFPEVXFATN7POAQS/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/6ZL5KO52ONIFPEVXFATN7POAQS/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/6ZL5KO52ONIFPEVXFATN7POAQS/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-07T06:55:21Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/6ZL5KO52ONIFPEVXFATN7POAQS","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/6ZL5KO52ONIFPEVXFATN7POAQS/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/6ZL5KO52ONIFPEVXFATN7POAQS/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/6ZL5KO52ONIFPEVXFATN7POAQS/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:6ZL5KO52ONIFPEVXFATN7POAQS","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"0f8ea2ba535bc1d001df12def5f6a7f9b96adceb39973c2f9e86df113ec94782","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CC","cs.GT"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-02-14T14:42:54Z","title_canon_sha256":"f571edf422ad2d41a8f46c5c580e9dccc4e9076edbe1736bc23bdb3846d37eda"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2302.07090","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2302.07090","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:56:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2302.07090v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:56:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2302.07090","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:56:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"6ZL5KO52ONIF","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:56:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"6ZL5KO52ONIFPEVX","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:56:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"6ZL5KO52","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:56:02Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:d464cfd2cfb0ec9c5a6c2d4358519d2185211c951b4989269b0cb7e9e6ff2947","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:56:02Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2302.07090/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Recently, subgraph GNNs have emerged as an important direction for developing expressive graph neural networks (GNNs). While numerous architectures have been proposed, so far there is still a limited understanding of how various design paradigms differ in terms of expressive power, nor is it clear what design principle achieves maximal expressiveness with minimal architectural complexity. To address these fundamental questions, this paper conducts a systematic study of general node-based subgraph GNNs through the lens of Subgraph Weisfeiler-Lehman Tests (SWL). Our central result is to build a ","authors_text":"Bohang Zhang, Di He, Guhao Feng, Liwei Wang, Yiheng Du","cross_cats":["cs.CC","cs.GT"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-02-14T14:42:54Z","title":"A Complete Expressiveness Hierarchy for Subgraph GNNs via Subgraph Weisfeiler-Lehman Tests"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2302.07090","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:771b32139b236815692e8628c40feee0c3d6fefb6e5d638703381ce0d5168293","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:56:02Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"0f8ea2ba535bc1d001df12def5f6a7f9b96adceb39973c2f9e86df113ec94782","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CC","cs.GT"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-02-14T14:42:54Z","title_canon_sha256":"f571edf422ad2d41a8f46c5c580e9dccc4e9076edbe1736bc23bdb3846d37eda"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2302.07090","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"f657d53bba73505792b72826dfbdc08483fae79aef6e868c34b64d12a81fb869","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"f657d53bba73505792b72826dfbdc08483fae79aef6e868c34b64d12a81fb869","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:56:02.749396Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:56:02.749396Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"eXQnxxms7l8TilP7Gppg+IT5bteXHGQ+v4N7/hDYEwocKE3r9JHa7HzLwesLIBNtEGMrbUJihQYTy8ye+050Cw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:56:02.749902Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2302.07090","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:771b32139b236815692e8628c40feee0c3d6fefb6e5d638703381ce0d5168293","sha256:d464cfd2cfb0ec9c5a6c2d4358519d2185211c951b4989269b0cb7e9e6ff2947"],"state_sha256":"3aba651af6b7b12b0aa9f5285a005ad7fe4cdffc89c18ae20b2366309d5dea92"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"njINEc/pA0TObAGxhfQyDoAWGqfSEmVPSxDyLsDGBVT/NR2MLETa1YiVAJXkl1XscxPAiRENSi6qvoepzQa8CQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T06:55:21.774549Z","bundle_sha256":"301e280740e94780ad7a1944a0fff97dd3e1c5ea137415049de1a8d4a7d02214"}}