{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:7AKDPWPRVQXISGVLTANU4HYZAN","short_pith_number":"pith:7AKDPWPR","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2603.14773","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2026-03-16T03:13:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"8e172d483e423dbdd38e5026cf657a847f34e69990223f801d0941bd3c8ced2a","abstract_canon_sha256":"d7d9e465b03864ef76dd8896848e3500ffda65f69ee1fb4be08c8fea0b786bde"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"f81437d9f1ac2e891aab981b4e1f19037bd2ce8dea09fa14be6bde044137c394","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2603.14773","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2603.14773","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2603.14773v2","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2603.14773","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7AKDPWPRVQXI","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7AKDPWPRVQXISGVL","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7AKDPWPR","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:38Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:7AKDPWPRVQXISGVLTANU4HYZAN","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2603.14773","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2026-03-16T03:13:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"8e172d483e423dbdd38e5026cf657a847f34e69990223f801d0941bd3c8ced2a","abstract_canon_sha256":"d7d9e465b03864ef76dd8896848e3500ffda65f69ee1fb4be08c8fea0b786bde"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"f81437d9f1ac2e891aab981b4e1f19037bd2ce8dea09fa14be6bde044137c394","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:38.430726Z","signature_b64":"IKkaZs17LPjYRNFv488CuERgJ4lBYvn/i3ObBNOT5YMAKn3YPqJiSfN/4/HYhISYYlyR/g7RRmMpMTvTlA/jAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"f81437d9f1ac2e891aab981b4e1f19037bd2ce8dea09fa14be6bde044137c394","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:38.430254Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:38.430254Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2603.14773","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:38Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"UUzgixJlKxtKRdywH6Dsze+0UHPRG2hk9WV00WCgYF8ho3yzoT7oMWA7Y/olNK8XRzwNx0aSv55yzEeKHhLkAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-08T05:17:42.019408Z"},"content_sha256":"b69079fdf8c1068dd9db1f9abcfabc6e4e7034736c7277dae3b5ff3f953a3aa4","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b69079fdf8c1068dd9db1f9abcfabc6e4e7034736c7277dae3b5ff3f953a3aa4"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:7AKDPWPRVQXISGVLTANU4HYZAN","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"HO-SFL: Hybrid-Order Split Federated Learning with Backprop-Free Clients and Dimension-Free Aggregation","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Qiyuan Chen, Xianhao Chen, Xian Wu, Yi Wang","submitted_at":"2026-03-16T03:13:01Z","abstract_excerpt":"Fine-tuning large models on edge devices is severely hindered by the memory-intensive backpropagation (BP) in standard frameworks like federated learning and split learning. While substituting BP with zeroth-order optimization can significantly reduce memory footprints, it typically suffers from prohibitively degraded convergence speed. To resolve this dilemma, we propose Hybrid-Order Split Federated Learning (HO-SFL). By reformulating the split learning process within a Lagrangian framework, HO-SFL decouples the optimization landscape: The server performs precise first-order updates (i.e., BP"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2603.14773","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2603.14773/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:38Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"4/EraOPpQ44/f1iX7Wzq2ZBvBUkBGC6ibMytJPWVU1qK+KkjO+JRJMs4FraHcjwz+p0tI5/LPcUNybrkCMmfDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-08T05:17:42.020164Z"},"content_sha256":"c919c80cd215a1ba67cd42d9b98e0eb28b848a5164acc5c54a6dc039bd5fc00d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c919c80cd215a1ba67cd42d9b98e0eb28b848a5164acc5c54a6dc039bd5fc00d"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7AKDPWPRVQXISGVLTANU4HYZAN/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7AKDPWPRVQXISGVLTANU4HYZAN/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7AKDPWPRVQXISGVLTANU4HYZAN/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-08T05:17:42Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/7AKDPWPRVQXISGVLTANU4HYZAN","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/7AKDPWPRVQXISGVLTANU4HYZAN/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/7AKDPWPRVQXISGVLTANU4HYZAN/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7AKDPWPRVQXISGVLTANU4HYZAN/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:7AKDPWPRVQXISGVLTANU4HYZAN","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d7d9e465b03864ef76dd8896848e3500ffda65f69ee1fb4be08c8fea0b786bde","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2026-03-16T03:13:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"8e172d483e423dbdd38e5026cf657a847f34e69990223f801d0941bd3c8ced2a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2603.14773","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2603.14773","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2603.14773v2","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2603.14773","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7AKDPWPRVQXI","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7AKDPWPRVQXISGVL","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7AKDPWPR","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:38Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:c919c80cd215a1ba67cd42d9b98e0eb28b848a5164acc5c54a6dc039bd5fc00d","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:38Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2603.14773/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Fine-tuning large models on edge devices is severely hindered by the memory-intensive backpropagation (BP) in standard frameworks like federated learning and split learning. While substituting BP with zeroth-order optimization can significantly reduce memory footprints, it typically suffers from prohibitively degraded convergence speed. To resolve this dilemma, we propose Hybrid-Order Split Federated Learning (HO-SFL). By reformulating the split learning process within a Lagrangian framework, HO-SFL decouples the optimization landscape: The server performs precise first-order updates (i.e., BP","authors_text":"Qiyuan Chen, Xianhao Chen, Xian Wu, Yi Wang","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2026-03-16T03:13:01Z","title":"HO-SFL: Hybrid-Order Split Federated Learning with Backprop-Free Clients and Dimension-Free Aggregation"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2603.14773","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:b69079fdf8c1068dd9db1f9abcfabc6e4e7034736c7277dae3b5ff3f953a3aa4","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:38Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d7d9e465b03864ef76dd8896848e3500ffda65f69ee1fb4be08c8fea0b786bde","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2026-03-16T03:13:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"8e172d483e423dbdd38e5026cf657a847f34e69990223f801d0941bd3c8ced2a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2603.14773","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"f81437d9f1ac2e891aab981b4e1f19037bd2ce8dea09fa14be6bde044137c394","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"f81437d9f1ac2e891aab981b4e1f19037bd2ce8dea09fa14be6bde044137c394","first_computed_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:38.430254Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:38.430254Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"IKkaZs17LPjYRNFv488CuERgJ4lBYvn/i3ObBNOT5YMAKn3YPqJiSfN/4/HYhISYYlyR/g7RRmMpMTvTlA/jAQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:38.430726Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2603.14773","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:b69079fdf8c1068dd9db1f9abcfabc6e4e7034736c7277dae3b5ff3f953a3aa4","sha256:c919c80cd215a1ba67cd42d9b98e0eb28b848a5164acc5c54a6dc039bd5fc00d"],"state_sha256":"c1ba4423e1875f691028b61b0cc9aa8f06d4540ccde9a35dca034daf009afc13"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"pROmQ9Pjzs1xxb/HCWHHmNu4Kb7UN0Z3Ft9WyvEpPRvfwthcyMEIsd1XNKIhPn7pUkAeG9yaW8UMDuO9Jy32Cg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-08T05:17:42.024273Z","bundle_sha256":"ee138f73c5f9917c1365c679ae1923eee58ed114ff32cbb5e6d2c440baa9a523"}}