{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:7EVEHGPP6IPJRFIWJ4JYHMMKTR","short_pith_number":"pith:7EVEHGPP","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2003.04948","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2020-03-10T19:59:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"ae8c58f002dfce9fbc032842365b7ef830531d9a8d4b823bf5a38a6b33cb389c","abstract_canon_sha256":"bb09586f09d5aa4728ea38b9c394e589b3108b21a2dfd40272d06088992e594f"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"f92a4399eff21e9895164f1383b18a9c55813a31c0ac55fc0012ea1c158b742c","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2003.04948","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2003.04948","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:47:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2003.04948v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:47:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2003.04948","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:47:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7EVEHGPP6IPJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:47:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7EVEHGPP6IPJRFIW","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:47:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7EVEHGPP","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:47:09Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:7EVEHGPP6IPJRFIWJ4JYHMMKTR","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2003.04948","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2020-03-10T19:59:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"ae8c58f002dfce9fbc032842365b7ef830531d9a8d4b823bf5a38a6b33cb389c","abstract_canon_sha256":"bb09586f09d5aa4728ea38b9c394e589b3108b21a2dfd40272d06088992e594f"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"f92a4399eff21e9895164f1383b18a9c55813a31c0ac55fc0012ea1c158b742c","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:47:09.436499Z","signature_b64":"BAYu35cLTPyCPyMj3SSotCxV6seV+IALIiF7++k2wJ0zpfc1E4GI6HneL1LC5fPByqPeno+c6kfIzwyNfem7AQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"f92a4399eff21e9895164f1383b18a9c55813a31c0ac55fc0012ea1c158b742c","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:47:09.435997Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:47:09.435997Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2003.04948","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:47:09Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"rhLBVQErYViv/QCQEVe3NsMfafBhBY61/SwVLN5iycWvxsGRGzT9BfDzvVtuWaUaxK0zLpSMwfx/U+Gy/4ItDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-18T18:14:22.438430Z"},"content_sha256":"40055c6040b873f3e1f9ee7f69e1812eeacfca61b909c1fa9476e078ac236cca","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:40055c6040b873f3e1f9ee7f69e1812eeacfca61b909c1fa9476e078ac236cca"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:7EVEHGPP6IPJRFIWJ4JYHMMKTR","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Towards Clarifying the Theory of the Deconfounder","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"stat.ML","authors_text":"David M. Blei, Yixin Wang","submitted_at":"2020-03-10T19:59:03Z","abstract_excerpt":"Wang and Blei (2019) studies multiple causal inference and proposes the deconfounder algorithm. The paper discusses theoretical requirements and presents empirical studies. Several refinements have been suggested around the theory of the deconfounder. Among these, Imai and Jiang clarified the assumption of \"no unobserved single-cause confounders.\" Using their assumption, this paper clarifies the theory. Furthermore, Ogburn et al. (2020) proposes counterexamples to the theory. But the proposed counterexamples do not satisfy the required assumptions."},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2003.04948","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2003.04948/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:47:09Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"qiBJ2y6yDJAsR/jRD5aDH9BlJNsp4raFJDIR2+Oljafx7f3u6fXiza40a+NgJ0Fzf+140LR3kQMrm3S2DE9FCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-18T18:14:22.439053Z"},"content_sha256":"c7d9c33647d5e5f27c60e3dd37f5aec2731fbbd705f0ea2e7479adaf2f766e37","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c7d9c33647d5e5f27c60e3dd37f5aec2731fbbd705f0ea2e7479adaf2f766e37"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7EVEHGPP6IPJRFIWJ4JYHMMKTR/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7EVEHGPP6IPJRFIWJ4JYHMMKTR/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7EVEHGPP6IPJRFIWJ4JYHMMKTR/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-18T18:14:22Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/7EVEHGPP6IPJRFIWJ4JYHMMKTR","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/7EVEHGPP6IPJRFIWJ4JYHMMKTR/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/7EVEHGPP6IPJRFIWJ4JYHMMKTR/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7EVEHGPP6IPJRFIWJ4JYHMMKTR/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:7EVEHGPP6IPJRFIWJ4JYHMMKTR","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"bb09586f09d5aa4728ea38b9c394e589b3108b21a2dfd40272d06088992e594f","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2020-03-10T19:59:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"ae8c58f002dfce9fbc032842365b7ef830531d9a8d4b823bf5a38a6b33cb389c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2003.04948","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2003.04948","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:47:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2003.04948v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:47:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2003.04948","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:47:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7EVEHGPP6IPJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:47:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7EVEHGPP6IPJRFIW","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:47:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7EVEHGPP","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:47:09Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:c7d9c33647d5e5f27c60e3dd37f5aec2731fbbd705f0ea2e7479adaf2f766e37","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:47:09Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2003.04948/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Wang and Blei (2019) studies multiple causal inference and proposes the deconfounder algorithm. The paper discusses theoretical requirements and presents empirical studies. Several refinements have been suggested around the theory of the deconfounder. Among these, Imai and Jiang clarified the assumption of \"no unobserved single-cause confounders.\" Using their assumption, this paper clarifies the theory. Furthermore, Ogburn et al. (2020) proposes counterexamples to the theory. But the proposed counterexamples do not satisfy the required assumptions.","authors_text":"David M. Blei, Yixin Wang","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2020-03-10T19:59:03Z","title":"Towards Clarifying the Theory of the Deconfounder"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2003.04948","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:40055c6040b873f3e1f9ee7f69e1812eeacfca61b909c1fa9476e078ac236cca","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:47:09Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"bb09586f09d5aa4728ea38b9c394e589b3108b21a2dfd40272d06088992e594f","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2020-03-10T19:59:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"ae8c58f002dfce9fbc032842365b7ef830531d9a8d4b823bf5a38a6b33cb389c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2003.04948","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"f92a4399eff21e9895164f1383b18a9c55813a31c0ac55fc0012ea1c158b742c","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"f92a4399eff21e9895164f1383b18a9c55813a31c0ac55fc0012ea1c158b742c","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:47:09.435997Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:47:09.435997Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"BAYu35cLTPyCPyMj3SSotCxV6seV+IALIiF7++k2wJ0zpfc1E4GI6HneL1LC5fPByqPeno+c6kfIzwyNfem7AQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:47:09.436499Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2003.04948","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:40055c6040b873f3e1f9ee7f69e1812eeacfca61b909c1fa9476e078ac236cca","sha256:c7d9c33647d5e5f27c60e3dd37f5aec2731fbbd705f0ea2e7479adaf2f766e37"],"state_sha256":"57c24da66b03960a462c633aa9ac9fdf98d0007378b3705782bf54209546bbb7"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"cb+I6pRwpDkpxIUEvphgMzaWP2EABCy/15u5CDMHckCN4+ulXEWA3y7v/1s4inVHIt6hG5fJL+66KGHCfTe0AA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-18T18:14:22.443677Z","bundle_sha256":"cf4bc7e476ce0356452030d18844291cf9ea61a66a3e6cf967987d7fae251473"}}