{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2015:7FZAGU2WJRWMNHBSRMT7X5HZPU","short_pith_number":"pith:7FZAGU2W","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1511.08213","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2015-11-25T21:00:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"09918f0863537b1f0cbb0ebcfbd144d2569734b5cd9c2b33e30ac23dc112d7b5","abstract_canon_sha256":"49bd8bc537f745f2e8d129db2700718e7f56e8a241bb7ca0be930bddf2460eb5"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"f9720353564c6cc69c328b27fbf4f97d0ce5fb9ae18226f1288828de30bc2b63","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1511.08213","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1511.08213","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:20:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1511.08213v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:20:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1511.08213","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:20:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7FZAGU2WJRWM","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7FZAGU2WJRWMNHBS","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7FZAGU2W","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:10Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2015:7FZAGU2WJRWMNHBSRMT7X5HZPU","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1511.08213","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2015-11-25T21:00:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"09918f0863537b1f0cbb0ebcfbd144d2569734b5cd9c2b33e30ac23dc112d7b5","abstract_canon_sha256":"49bd8bc537f745f2e8d129db2700718e7f56e8a241bb7ca0be930bddf2460eb5"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"f9720353564c6cc69c328b27fbf4f97d0ce5fb9ae18226f1288828de30bc2b63","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:20:41.542182Z","signature_b64":"q+zz7DP9svWM+W2htbkw2UO/4k3KVQQWvWFNnIxx25rTMoWq1S6ZqCFVvymtaJscsHgGIN1yiRTVmWEl6SXwAw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"f9720353564c6cc69c328b27fbf4f97d0ce5fb9ae18226f1288828de30bc2b63","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:20:41.541722Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:20:41.541722Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1511.08213","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:20:41Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"DzX98vE6RZ/zVomDcMhCu/soRYP/3fOejPI+vMQDAUYgMmWV6TwsULTCVeq2uCrfbdz5yf44nVh3+CVhj7LSAw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-31T10:19:25.198226Z"},"content_sha256":"cd7ac73348ab212d52d5debbdfc5a7a7b6444ef0bbdcef7175243e2551815e0b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:cd7ac73348ab212d52d5debbdfc5a7a7b6444ef0bbdcef7175243e2551815e0b"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2015:7FZAGU2WJRWMNHBSRMT7X5HZPU","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"A review of action estimation methods for galactic dynamics","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","authors_text":"James Binney, Jason L. Sanders","submitted_at":"2015-11-25T21:00:03Z","abstract_excerpt":"We review the available methods for estimating actions, angles and frequencies of orbits in both axisymmetric and triaxial potentials. The methods are separated into two classes. Unless an orbit has been trapped by a resonance, convergent, or iterative, methods are able to recover the actions to arbitrarily high accuracy given sufficient computing time. Faster non-convergent methods rely on the potential being sufficiently close to a separable potential and the accuracy of the action estimate cannot be improved through further computation. We critically compare the accuracy of the methods and "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1511.08213","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:20:41Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"MPKcLwf8rLMnGJaqAiO+DrkhA7pjYRm/i/izmVSzTa8+GXAkzwc13ZcetR3rkqwR8OsfcKKdXLJv/UhSyP+/Ag==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-31T10:19:25.198662Z"},"content_sha256":"e8c63757d93e5cdcca52e26d94b6a4c42500d164db033ff303b5794f7196f3dc","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e8c63757d93e5cdcca52e26d94b6a4c42500d164db033ff303b5794f7196f3dc"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7FZAGU2WJRWMNHBSRMT7X5HZPU/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7FZAGU2WJRWMNHBSRMT7X5HZPU/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7FZAGU2WJRWMNHBSRMT7X5HZPU/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-31T10:19:25Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/7FZAGU2WJRWMNHBSRMT7X5HZPU","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/7FZAGU2WJRWMNHBSRMT7X5HZPU/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/7FZAGU2WJRWMNHBSRMT7X5HZPU/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7FZAGU2WJRWMNHBSRMT7X5HZPU/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2015:7FZAGU2WJRWMNHBSRMT7X5HZPU","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"49bd8bc537f745f2e8d129db2700718e7f56e8a241bb7ca0be930bddf2460eb5","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2015-11-25T21:00:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"09918f0863537b1f0cbb0ebcfbd144d2569734b5cd9c2b33e30ac23dc112d7b5"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1511.08213","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1511.08213","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:20:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1511.08213v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:20:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1511.08213","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:20:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7FZAGU2WJRWM","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7FZAGU2WJRWMNHBS","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7FZAGU2W","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:10Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:e8c63757d93e5cdcca52e26d94b6a4c42500d164db033ff303b5794f7196f3dc","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:20:41Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We review the available methods for estimating actions, angles and frequencies of orbits in both axisymmetric and triaxial potentials. The methods are separated into two classes. Unless an orbit has been trapped by a resonance, convergent, or iterative, methods are able to recover the actions to arbitrarily high accuracy given sufficient computing time. Faster non-convergent methods rely on the potential being sufficiently close to a separable potential and the accuracy of the action estimate cannot be improved through further computation. We critically compare the accuracy of the methods and ","authors_text":"James Binney, Jason L. Sanders","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2015-11-25T21:00:03Z","title":"A review of action estimation methods for galactic dynamics"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1511.08213","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:cd7ac73348ab212d52d5debbdfc5a7a7b6444ef0bbdcef7175243e2551815e0b","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:20:41Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"49bd8bc537f745f2e8d129db2700718e7f56e8a241bb7ca0be930bddf2460eb5","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2015-11-25T21:00:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"09918f0863537b1f0cbb0ebcfbd144d2569734b5cd9c2b33e30ac23dc112d7b5"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1511.08213","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"f9720353564c6cc69c328b27fbf4f97d0ce5fb9ae18226f1288828de30bc2b63","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"f9720353564c6cc69c328b27fbf4f97d0ce5fb9ae18226f1288828de30bc2b63","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:20:41.541722Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:20:41.541722Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"q+zz7DP9svWM+W2htbkw2UO/4k3KVQQWvWFNnIxx25rTMoWq1S6ZqCFVvymtaJscsHgGIN1yiRTVmWEl6SXwAw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:20:41.542182Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1511.08213","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:cd7ac73348ab212d52d5debbdfc5a7a7b6444ef0bbdcef7175243e2551815e0b","sha256:e8c63757d93e5cdcca52e26d94b6a4c42500d164db033ff303b5794f7196f3dc"],"state_sha256":"db2404243d4d0a00df544a2af4f4681a5ea4b2b4d23753401961ae2bca16310c"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"/yf7QFqN6VEJBZi/1oLe6bb0SEtSsYIniKXDMTvp7wxw9+FUZW+URX7xxQRiIrztxL/TELLqmt4jV7RmDs1fDA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-31T10:19:25.202124Z","bundle_sha256":"353a22bec56eb3188f8411adef2b17d48d42e08264bd5f32e385b02d3c8c9723"}}