{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:7GEYQQ5GU6MFQM5AL2GPWWKPUH","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ce87ad9a8d7aa7b4e35772a74cd0cae16779ac0b708968dd8a210ec2201a3ccc","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-07-01T21:46:43Z","title_canon_sha256":"62a2003f3696d940f0883b57597d16306671212a4dad2df1ff007a2afd70727c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2107.00753","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2107.00753","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2107.00753v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2107.00753","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7GEYQQ5GU6MF","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7GEYQQ5GU6MFQM5A","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7GEYQQ5G","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:32Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:1a60fa5af81d5fcf706a47aae6caa38de0ae1cd83d7ecd95449ea5157f1e7ced","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:32Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2107.00753/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"While pretrained language models achieve excellent performance on natural language understanding benchmarks, they tend to rely on spurious correlations and generalize poorly to out-of-distribution (OOD) data. Recent work has explored using counterfactually-augmented data (CAD) -- data generated by minimally perturbing examples to flip the ground-truth label -- to identify robust features that are invariant under distribution shift. However, empirical results using CAD for OOD generalization have been mixed. To explain this discrepancy, we draw insights from a linear Gaussian model and demonstr","authors_text":"He He, Nitish Joshi","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-07-01T21:46:43Z","title":"An Investigation of the (In)effectiveness of Counterfactually Augmented Data"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2107.00753","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:fb39a4749656eaebde1af839a2505e041c586f74b3af1a790c387ec18376cf27","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:32Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ce87ad9a8d7aa7b4e35772a74cd0cae16779ac0b708968dd8a210ec2201a3ccc","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-07-01T21:46:43Z","title_canon_sha256":"62a2003f3696d940f0883b57597d16306671212a4dad2df1ff007a2afd70727c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2107.00753","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"f9898843a6a7985833a05e8cfb594fa1f259e7de844403a14f4cc04b31cbfe7f","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"f9898843a6a7985833a05e8cfb594fa1f259e7de844403a14f4cc04b31cbfe7f","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:32.375281Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:32.375281Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"MqFX1ECZ1R66B01xl/dEqnbNP5NV2Z2u3nERitoTDVUX8dZSUgS8T1ZLB3meDS4sG8tv/esuASUyYnmxL/0vCQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:32.375766Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2107.00753","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:fb39a4749656eaebde1af839a2505e041c586f74b3af1a790c387ec18376cf27","sha256:1a60fa5af81d5fcf706a47aae6caa38de0ae1cd83d7ecd95449ea5157f1e7ced"],"state_sha256":"3b11f18b89b2a95e2587e7f4a2004e45ed0057536f2c3d29caea02f68a438eba"}