{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:7GLIHCRSM3C3ONYUW5SX33T4WJ","short_pith_number":"pith:7GLIHCRS","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2110.11468","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2021-10-21T20:37:56Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"607da0ee5ababaee3ab4b16f1305ef73117640e55ab6a402af256ba8ae7b6e58","abstract_canon_sha256":"9b47c0272f6713e89bb38bc4e6ae993fe7da4826e81c2aeb17e02b33978963ca"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"f996838a3266c5b73714b7657dee7cb2535036725dadbac41d6ba28a783093ab","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2110.11468","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2110.11468","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:24:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2110.11468v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:24:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2110.11468","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:24:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7GLIHCRSM3C3","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:24:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7GLIHCRSM3C3ONYU","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:24:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7GLIHCRS","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:24:47Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:7GLIHCRSM3C3ONYUW5SX33T4WJ","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2110.11468","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2021-10-21T20:37:56Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"607da0ee5ababaee3ab4b16f1305ef73117640e55ab6a402af256ba8ae7b6e58","abstract_canon_sha256":"9b47c0272f6713e89bb38bc4e6ae993fe7da4826e81c2aeb17e02b33978963ca"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"f996838a3266c5b73714b7657dee7cb2535036725dadbac41d6ba28a783093ab","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:24:47.420666Z","signature_b64":"o8/3RXxiS0iufNYHfVZsCL/OtFp6kcD+yLPQ9zKkvImBzxveleZZloMC44StSSdM5fl4zX0bwadOsBMELbsnBw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"f996838a3266c5b73714b7657dee7cb2535036725dadbac41d6ba28a783093ab","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:24:47.420258Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:24:47.420258Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2110.11468","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:24:47Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"WopI+uwyIw8hZc2BHrciEi6S8HiT9rRnIypmjHV69eejucQ29Z6FZ1HllxdOmpWDNlhhmGnTTdRYyq5XCCM2DA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T22:04:04.886730Z"},"content_sha256":"df28ec2ab86437f8eba7b54503ac4f805932c4b05465bb3794f7cb57815f8bb7","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:df28ec2ab86437f8eba7b54503ac4f805932c4b05465bb3794f7cb57815f8bb7"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:7GLIHCRSM3C3ONYUW5SX33T4WJ","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"To Recommend or Not? A Model-Based Comparison of Item-Matching Processes","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CY","authors_text":"Johan Ugander, Serina Chang","submitted_at":"2021-10-21T20:37:56Z","abstract_excerpt":"Recommender systems are central to modern online platforms, but a popular concern is that they may be pulling society in dangerous directions (e.g., towards filter bubbles). However, a challenge with measuring the effects of recommender systems is how to compare user outcomes under these systems to outcomes under a credible counterfactual world without such systems. We take a model-based approach to this challenge, introducing a dichotomy of process models that we can compare: (1) a \"recommender\" model describing a generic item-matching process under a personalized recommender system and (2) a"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2110.11468","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2110.11468/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:24:47Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"/TkmvVzarWQyQ7ZFGn831N+9YPcK/54dg0sBQVsnUH69M9BNUR8fyMPd7ufnWYnu6Z/n5xABEbj4iFTv3cdFDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T22:04:04.887786Z"},"content_sha256":"995501bc60f3f0306e9937686cb4e78548fafd2363cadc787abfe44ed83816f3","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:995501bc60f3f0306e9937686cb4e78548fafd2363cadc787abfe44ed83816f3"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7GLIHCRSM3C3ONYUW5SX33T4WJ/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7GLIHCRSM3C3ONYUW5SX33T4WJ/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7GLIHCRSM3C3ONYUW5SX33T4WJ/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-03T22:04:04Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/7GLIHCRSM3C3ONYUW5SX33T4WJ","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/7GLIHCRSM3C3ONYUW5SX33T4WJ/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/7GLIHCRSM3C3ONYUW5SX33T4WJ/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7GLIHCRSM3C3ONYUW5SX33T4WJ/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:7GLIHCRSM3C3ONYUW5SX33T4WJ","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"9b47c0272f6713e89bb38bc4e6ae993fe7da4826e81c2aeb17e02b33978963ca","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2021-10-21T20:37:56Z","title_canon_sha256":"607da0ee5ababaee3ab4b16f1305ef73117640e55ab6a402af256ba8ae7b6e58"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2110.11468","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2110.11468","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:24:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2110.11468v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:24:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2110.11468","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:24:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7GLIHCRSM3C3","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:24:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7GLIHCRSM3C3ONYU","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:24:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7GLIHCRS","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:24:47Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:995501bc60f3f0306e9937686cb4e78548fafd2363cadc787abfe44ed83816f3","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:24:47Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2110.11468/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Recommender systems are central to modern online platforms, but a popular concern is that they may be pulling society in dangerous directions (e.g., towards filter bubbles). However, a challenge with measuring the effects of recommender systems is how to compare user outcomes under these systems to outcomes under a credible counterfactual world without such systems. We take a model-based approach to this challenge, introducing a dichotomy of process models that we can compare: (1) a \"recommender\" model describing a generic item-matching process under a personalized recommender system and (2) a","authors_text":"Johan Ugander, Serina Chang","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2021-10-21T20:37:56Z","title":"To Recommend or Not? A Model-Based Comparison of Item-Matching Processes"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2110.11468","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:df28ec2ab86437f8eba7b54503ac4f805932c4b05465bb3794f7cb57815f8bb7","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:24:47Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"9b47c0272f6713e89bb38bc4e6ae993fe7da4826e81c2aeb17e02b33978963ca","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2021-10-21T20:37:56Z","title_canon_sha256":"607da0ee5ababaee3ab4b16f1305ef73117640e55ab6a402af256ba8ae7b6e58"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2110.11468","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"f996838a3266c5b73714b7657dee7cb2535036725dadbac41d6ba28a783093ab","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"f996838a3266c5b73714b7657dee7cb2535036725dadbac41d6ba28a783093ab","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:24:47.420258Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:24:47.420258Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"o8/3RXxiS0iufNYHfVZsCL/OtFp6kcD+yLPQ9zKkvImBzxveleZZloMC44StSSdM5fl4zX0bwadOsBMELbsnBw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:24:47.420666Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2110.11468","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:df28ec2ab86437f8eba7b54503ac4f805932c4b05465bb3794f7cb57815f8bb7","sha256:995501bc60f3f0306e9937686cb4e78548fafd2363cadc787abfe44ed83816f3"],"state_sha256":"81469e8b048105757d37bf73198949373f7e48aa21c649584fca32f5f7c89991"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"x+qoxHhOQ7F2C3m7WnEQiembGhAKvqN7a4nu3+n2C0rOOds7DJ9JOmIPF5CFtZp2tw19IEqZkQDoMl/+spGpCg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T22:04:04.893298Z","bundle_sha256":"03088ccd61b272acba2d3e7f966e861c3a999e1019390c7823f70957cc5bf398"}}