{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:7IASCEDXD7UTODK2DSCMJN2KH6","short_pith_number":"pith:7IASCEDX","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1406.6856","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.mes-hall","submitted_at":"2014-06-26T11:53:27Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"bdc72beedd64877819e4b7e56bbcb1862e5684517eea89a926e77d070f85a9ba","abstract_canon_sha256":"a71d55b80c6ed9a3d7d905cd286fdf4d5347497b05319e27ed9bfcd1b0e2bb86"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"fa012110771fe9370d5a1c84c4b74a3fa1df7df039b1313983feffd2cbc7c039","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1406.6856","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1406.6856","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:48:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1406.6856v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:48:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1406.6856","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:48:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7IASCEDXD7UT","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7IASCEDXD7UTODK2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7IASCEDX","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:16Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:7IASCEDXD7UTODK2DSCMJN2KH6","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1406.6856","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.mes-hall","submitted_at":"2014-06-26T11:53:27Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"bdc72beedd64877819e4b7e56bbcb1862e5684517eea89a926e77d070f85a9ba","abstract_canon_sha256":"a71d55b80c6ed9a3d7d905cd286fdf4d5347497b05319e27ed9bfcd1b0e2bb86"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"fa012110771fe9370d5a1c84c4b74a3fa1df7df039b1313983feffd2cbc7c039","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:48:55.652820Z","signature_b64":"JpwcX5DWmcBiWzcMKBOVa+th7mo6yW60V0+QXiX+F9L+0wQ9+zXWboWpGZ8knbZaOzAelskwXDf6vWE3KoOJCA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"fa012110771fe9370d5a1c84c4b74a3fa1df7df039b1313983feffd2cbc7c039","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:48:55.652249Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:48:55.652249Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1406.6856","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:48:55Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"XAMNdyk1UjRb6PGtXzx78YP7acfqofaVogDGJis4v07p8DdN5llfiM3Ekhk7M/NNMSAchQ1xlaw2XJPR2+/CAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T04:23:38.356391Z"},"content_sha256":"3501d155fd9a33e05c22d93419a9442e3d4d258f31056650096e312379e2a650","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3501d155fd9a33e05c22d93419a9442e3d4d258f31056650096e312379e2a650"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:7IASCEDXD7UTODK2DSCMJN2KH6","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Characterization of aluminum oxide tunnel barriers by combining transport measurements and transmission electron microscope imaging","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cond-mat.mes-hall","authors_text":"A. Averin, A. Ferring, H. Nguyen, J. P. Pekola, L. D. Yao, M. Koberidze, R. M. Nieminen, S. van Dijken, T. Aref, V. F. Maisi","submitted_at":"2014-06-26T11:53:27Z","abstract_excerpt":"We present two approaches for studying the uniformity of a tunnel barrier. The first approach is based on measuring single-electron and two-electron tunneling in a hybrid single-electron transistor. Our measurements indicate that the effective area of a conduction channel is about one order of magnitude larger than predicted by theoretical calculations. With the second method, transmission electron microscopy, we demonstrate that variations in the barrier thickness are a plausible explanation for the larger effective area and an enhancement of higher order tunneling processes."},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1406.6856","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:48:55Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"wksIysdcwpNoDBzTtS0zYQiIMns65GK7p8gXZhGssP88S5X00WB4dCUNdC22DOLnlFdqjXVzKIEss3+aqY5VCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T04:23:38.357050Z"},"content_sha256":"75f47330baa6f29821d36e28d814a9e36396da3c1a19c3ae2c0473c2e4e0ac7c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:75f47330baa6f29821d36e28d814a9e36396da3c1a19c3ae2c0473c2e4e0ac7c"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7IASCEDXD7UTODK2DSCMJN2KH6/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7IASCEDXD7UTODK2DSCMJN2KH6/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7IASCEDXD7UTODK2DSCMJN2KH6/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-27T04:23:38Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/7IASCEDXD7UTODK2DSCMJN2KH6","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/7IASCEDXD7UTODK2DSCMJN2KH6/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/7IASCEDXD7UTODK2DSCMJN2KH6/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7IASCEDXD7UTODK2DSCMJN2KH6/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:7IASCEDXD7UTODK2DSCMJN2KH6","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"a71d55b80c6ed9a3d7d905cd286fdf4d5347497b05319e27ed9bfcd1b0e2bb86","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.mes-hall","submitted_at":"2014-06-26T11:53:27Z","title_canon_sha256":"bdc72beedd64877819e4b7e56bbcb1862e5684517eea89a926e77d070f85a9ba"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1406.6856","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1406.6856","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:48:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1406.6856v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:48:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1406.6856","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:48:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7IASCEDXD7UT","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7IASCEDXD7UTODK2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7IASCEDX","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:16Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:75f47330baa6f29821d36e28d814a9e36396da3c1a19c3ae2c0473c2e4e0ac7c","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:48:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We present two approaches for studying the uniformity of a tunnel barrier. The first approach is based on measuring single-electron and two-electron tunneling in a hybrid single-electron transistor. Our measurements indicate that the effective area of a conduction channel is about one order of magnitude larger than predicted by theoretical calculations. With the second method, transmission electron microscopy, we demonstrate that variations in the barrier thickness are a plausible explanation for the larger effective area and an enhancement of higher order tunneling processes.","authors_text":"A. Averin, A. Ferring, H. Nguyen, J. P. Pekola, L. D. Yao, M. Koberidze, R. M. Nieminen, S. van Dijken, T. Aref, V. F. Maisi","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.mes-hall","submitted_at":"2014-06-26T11:53:27Z","title":"Characterization of aluminum oxide tunnel barriers by combining transport measurements and transmission electron microscope imaging"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1406.6856","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:3501d155fd9a33e05c22d93419a9442e3d4d258f31056650096e312379e2a650","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:48:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"a71d55b80c6ed9a3d7d905cd286fdf4d5347497b05319e27ed9bfcd1b0e2bb86","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.mes-hall","submitted_at":"2014-06-26T11:53:27Z","title_canon_sha256":"bdc72beedd64877819e4b7e56bbcb1862e5684517eea89a926e77d070f85a9ba"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1406.6856","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"fa012110771fe9370d5a1c84c4b74a3fa1df7df039b1313983feffd2cbc7c039","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"fa012110771fe9370d5a1c84c4b74a3fa1df7df039b1313983feffd2cbc7c039","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:48:55.652249Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:48:55.652249Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"JpwcX5DWmcBiWzcMKBOVa+th7mo6yW60V0+QXiX+F9L+0wQ9+zXWboWpGZ8knbZaOzAelskwXDf6vWE3KoOJCA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:48:55.652820Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1406.6856","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:3501d155fd9a33e05c22d93419a9442e3d4d258f31056650096e312379e2a650","sha256:75f47330baa6f29821d36e28d814a9e36396da3c1a19c3ae2c0473c2e4e0ac7c"],"state_sha256":"f9bbcb17be7cb08fb144a770b79e76c3ebb89a6dddd627aadac2e5e03be55f0b"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ezbM1YkNCFfU6dfYj489ceFCKzrpDv63f3ai7/OSdnGkGQJUceGMh3B88IDS+AJRWu3HDfGmozQpzqrROIpmCQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T04:23:38.359416Z","bundle_sha256":"912fd536538f7c00df12eb7a747161bed70d69b4ce415d945b72192b4c816bb1"}}