{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2001:7JMYZHIUXPLXBRUFZ46GZ5RUI3","short_pith_number":"pith:7JMYZHIU","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"astro-ph/0105418","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"2001-05-23T20:43:26Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"076fdf6503ca6ccf664746fcd6a9a7fd505f430f17ec020834f42b591ff24fb4","abstract_canon_sha256":"b425d7e17b557b34d633879e09a2aace2354e5b393a9c144d83ede245d5dbda8"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"fa598c9d14bbd770c685cf3c6cf63446e336f2b8c9bce075b0c1230d57423c2f","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"astro-ph/0105418","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"astro-ph/0105418","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:40:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"astro-ph/0105418v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:40:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0105418","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:40:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7JMYZHIUXPLX","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7JMYZHIUXPLXBRUF","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7JMYZHIU","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:50Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2001:7JMYZHIUXPLXBRUFZ46GZ5RUI3","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"astro-ph/0105418","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"2001-05-23T20:43:26Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"076fdf6503ca6ccf664746fcd6a9a7fd505f430f17ec020834f42b591ff24fb4","abstract_canon_sha256":"b425d7e17b557b34d633879e09a2aace2354e5b393a9c144d83ede245d5dbda8"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"fa598c9d14bbd770c685cf3c6cf63446e336f2b8c9bce075b0c1230d57423c2f","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:40:44.522529Z","signature_b64":"VGGtOr1Y9l7wpfUzgqVpCM63cEFB4Ce+3vp9tEGjdxOWdnGM5IwEkUkWCvh42MnMHD7RRfuekoQKKUrzxfM2Ag==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"fa598c9d14bbd770c685cf3c6cf63446e336f2b8c9bce075b0c1230d57423c2f","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:40:44.521816Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:40:44.521816Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"astro-ph/0105418","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:40:44Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"fscQZp8Dgxg/pZMuEV8KGYVn/OEOLe+3vFt4vyTpK3VILyDN8pvd6XwKbbQfxJDO/kJLYEchjNZWlO7nNPe8Dw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T17:10:42.309180Z"},"content_sha256":"60a492e910febdd8e00ccdc199dee1ac4eade7b667e19d6911258f905aca8dd3","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:60a492e910febdd8e00ccdc199dee1ac4eade7b667e19d6911258f905aca8dd3"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2001:7JMYZHIUXPLXBRUFZ46GZ5RUI3","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"The Physics of Cluster Mergers","license":"","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph","authors_text":"Craig L. Sarazin","submitted_at":"2001-05-23T20:43:26Z","abstract_excerpt":"Clusters of galaxies generally form by the gravitational merger of smaller clusters and groups. Major cluster mergers are the most energetic events in the Universe since the Big Bang. Some of the basic physical properties of mergers will be discussed, with an emphasis on simple analytic arguments rather than numerical simulations. Semi-analytic estimates of merger rates are reviewed, and a simple treatment of the kinematics of binary mergers is given. Mergers drive shocks into the intracluster medium, and these shocks heat the gas and should also accelerate nonthermal relativistic particles. X"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"astro-ph/0105418","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:40:44Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"S6cHsCkZDThCktjFDk380xJp3MfYpqOHovr3NKVwNlXDiyJ+IGcD3QsxjQdG//k1IM5lZqJMbWBnF5Dg8cjjCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T17:10:42.309554Z"},"content_sha256":"3f0f62658323771495d9a9c5593715db2a04249f2c9f2ec19098ea39e9fad992","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3f0f62658323771495d9a9c5593715db2a04249f2c9f2ec19098ea39e9fad992"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7JMYZHIUXPLXBRUFZ46GZ5RUI3/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7JMYZHIUXPLXBRUFZ46GZ5RUI3/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7JMYZHIUXPLXBRUFZ46GZ5RUI3/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-30T17:10:42Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/7JMYZHIUXPLXBRUFZ46GZ5RUI3","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/7JMYZHIUXPLXBRUFZ46GZ5RUI3/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/7JMYZHIUXPLXBRUFZ46GZ5RUI3/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7JMYZHIUXPLXBRUFZ46GZ5RUI3/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2001:7JMYZHIUXPLXBRUFZ46GZ5RUI3","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"b425d7e17b557b34d633879e09a2aace2354e5b393a9c144d83ede245d5dbda8","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"2001-05-23T20:43:26Z","title_canon_sha256":"076fdf6503ca6ccf664746fcd6a9a7fd505f430f17ec020834f42b591ff24fb4"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"astro-ph/0105418","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"astro-ph/0105418","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:40:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"astro-ph/0105418v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:40:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0105418","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:40:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7JMYZHIUXPLX","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7JMYZHIUXPLXBRUF","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7JMYZHIU","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:50Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:3f0f62658323771495d9a9c5593715db2a04249f2c9f2ec19098ea39e9fad992","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:40:44Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Clusters of galaxies generally form by the gravitational merger of smaller clusters and groups. Major cluster mergers are the most energetic events in the Universe since the Big Bang. Some of the basic physical properties of mergers will be discussed, with an emphasis on simple analytic arguments rather than numerical simulations. Semi-analytic estimates of merger rates are reviewed, and a simple treatment of the kinematics of binary mergers is given. Mergers drive shocks into the intracluster medium, and these shocks heat the gas and should also accelerate nonthermal relativistic particles. X","authors_text":"Craig L. Sarazin","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"2001-05-23T20:43:26Z","title":"The Physics of Cluster Mergers"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"astro-ph/0105418","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:60a492e910febdd8e00ccdc199dee1ac4eade7b667e19d6911258f905aca8dd3","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:40:44Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"b425d7e17b557b34d633879e09a2aace2354e5b393a9c144d83ede245d5dbda8","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"2001-05-23T20:43:26Z","title_canon_sha256":"076fdf6503ca6ccf664746fcd6a9a7fd505f430f17ec020834f42b591ff24fb4"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"astro-ph/0105418","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"fa598c9d14bbd770c685cf3c6cf63446e336f2b8c9bce075b0c1230d57423c2f","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"fa598c9d14bbd770c685cf3c6cf63446e336f2b8c9bce075b0c1230d57423c2f","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:40:44.521816Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:40:44.521816Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"VGGtOr1Y9l7wpfUzgqVpCM63cEFB4Ce+3vp9tEGjdxOWdnGM5IwEkUkWCvh42MnMHD7RRfuekoQKKUrzxfM2Ag==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:40:44.522529Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"astro-ph/0105418","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:60a492e910febdd8e00ccdc199dee1ac4eade7b667e19d6911258f905aca8dd3","sha256:3f0f62658323771495d9a9c5593715db2a04249f2c9f2ec19098ea39e9fad992"],"state_sha256":"f6a8d4067090c042ee63ee0dccb07f46903822a737e6f8fe3663c5fedce993c4"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"mxy+phDbfoG6EvmWDcUcOlQxYwQ3Xm7qR27snAnxBumzVsqJ5WwQRUEMmG3tdGlanP9KjeRXbuGO9Pk0x8urBQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T17:10:42.311589Z","bundle_sha256":"418266e8b76f9c3600a8d2fd6683e35659339c4b91b1302e741fc229b4ab0ce4"}}