{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:7L7PEG3JBAH4LHV6BXMVN3EG7Z","short_pith_number":"pith:7L7PEG3J","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2105.11827","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2021-05-25T10:53:41Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.DC"],"title_canon_sha256":"f3e7cd129bdec788d8c50d7ebafe45737c037b9619fc9fbb7320c083604286a3","abstract_canon_sha256":"e99251c756802862e031af6439cf4018e6a398f9e475915ae85fef9ec76a040e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"fafef21b69080fc59ebe0dd956ec86fe6a359659b6270dfbaea3141a8c6bf6bc","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2105.11827","version":4},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2105.11827","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2105.11827v4","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2105.11827","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7L7PEG3JBAH4","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7L7PEG3JBAH4LHV6","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7L7PEG3J","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:7L7PEG3JBAH4LHV6BXMVN3EG7Z","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2105.11827","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2021-05-25T10:53:41Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.DC"],"title_canon_sha256":"f3e7cd129bdec788d8c50d7ebafe45737c037b9619fc9fbb7320c083604286a3","abstract_canon_sha256":"e99251c756802862e031af6439cf4018e6a398f9e475915ae85fef9ec76a040e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"fafef21b69080fc59ebe0dd956ec86fe6a359659b6270dfbaea3141a8c6bf6bc","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31.186907Z","signature_b64":"n0FkXCB5B1i3qQP3W++rQlYolpy5VvyJO4Bn4jZz+xNfzoZjdAN0jNagXz6uDt+8k6bivUMF75YXaAK/PPNHDg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"fafef21b69080fc59ebe0dd956ec86fe6a359659b6270dfbaea3141a8c6bf6bc","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31.186442Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31.186442Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2105.11827","source_version":4,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"vILCS5WBpadTCe1HF8Q9a1iZzXNJnPclsHpSJzAurGBDh/krYYt3AHWXMbLMrwYnp5tahdSy24tUsDVtsZqTDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-05T09:06:07.565752Z"},"content_sha256":"579a40725827ebef9a5ea779d1e84ab698e20fc1faccabde86698ad31186db92","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:579a40725827ebef9a5ea779d1e84ab698e20fc1faccabde86698ad31186db92"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:7L7PEG3JBAH4LHV6BXMVN3EG7Z","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Narwhal and Tusk: A DAG-based Mempool and Efficient BFT Consensus","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.DC"],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Alberto Sonnino, Alexander Spiegelman, Eleftherios Kokoris Kogias, George Danezis","submitted_at":"2021-05-25T10:53:41Z","abstract_excerpt":"We propose separating the task of reliable transaction dissemination from transaction ordering, to enable high-performance Byzantine fault-tolerant quorum-based consensus. We design and evaluate a mempool protocol, Narwhal, specializing in high-throughput reliable dissemination and storage of causal histories of transactions. Narwhal tolerates an asynchronous network and maintains high performance despite failures. Narwhal is designed to easily scale-out using multiple workers at each validator, and we demonstrate that there is no foreseeable limit to the throughput we can achieve. Composing N"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2105.11827","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2105.11827/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ITtLRiZQECuCju4FzkNXBAvlOQg6irjb4H/3tmy0ajUy+BBb0BYfD+cu1cUSLogDUQPBxNTQubbFgMRuqaOJBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-05T09:06:07.566132Z"},"content_sha256":"54acdb2bce273b1629619ae7d5225b284b4bc3f50cd253c009da9156f39d5442","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:54acdb2bce273b1629619ae7d5225b284b4bc3f50cd253c009da9156f39d5442"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7L7PEG3JBAH4LHV6BXMVN3EG7Z/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7L7PEG3JBAH4LHV6BXMVN3EG7Z/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7L7PEG3JBAH4LHV6BXMVN3EG7Z/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-05T09:06:07Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/7L7PEG3JBAH4LHV6BXMVN3EG7Z","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/7L7PEG3JBAH4LHV6BXMVN3EG7Z/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/7L7PEG3JBAH4LHV6BXMVN3EG7Z/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7L7PEG3JBAH4LHV6BXMVN3EG7Z/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:7L7PEG3JBAH4LHV6BXMVN3EG7Z","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e99251c756802862e031af6439cf4018e6a398f9e475915ae85fef9ec76a040e","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.DC"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2021-05-25T10:53:41Z","title_canon_sha256":"f3e7cd129bdec788d8c50d7ebafe45737c037b9619fc9fbb7320c083604286a3"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2105.11827","kind":"arxiv","version":4}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2105.11827","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2105.11827v4","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2105.11827","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7L7PEG3JBAH4","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7L7PEG3JBAH4LHV6","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7L7PEG3J","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:54acdb2bce273b1629619ae7d5225b284b4bc3f50cd253c009da9156f39d5442","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2105.11827/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We propose separating the task of reliable transaction dissemination from transaction ordering, to enable high-performance Byzantine fault-tolerant quorum-based consensus. We design and evaluate a mempool protocol, Narwhal, specializing in high-throughput reliable dissemination and storage of causal histories of transactions. Narwhal tolerates an asynchronous network and maintains high performance despite failures. Narwhal is designed to easily scale-out using multiple workers at each validator, and we demonstrate that there is no foreseeable limit to the throughput we can achieve. Composing N","authors_text":"Alberto Sonnino, Alexander Spiegelman, Eleftherios Kokoris Kogias, George Danezis","cross_cats":["cs.DC"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2021-05-25T10:53:41Z","title":"Narwhal and Tusk: A DAG-based Mempool and Efficient BFT Consensus"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2105.11827","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:579a40725827ebef9a5ea779d1e84ab698e20fc1faccabde86698ad31186db92","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e99251c756802862e031af6439cf4018e6a398f9e475915ae85fef9ec76a040e","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.DC"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2021-05-25T10:53:41Z","title_canon_sha256":"f3e7cd129bdec788d8c50d7ebafe45737c037b9619fc9fbb7320c083604286a3"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2105.11827","kind":"arxiv","version":4}},"canonical_sha256":"fafef21b69080fc59ebe0dd956ec86fe6a359659b6270dfbaea3141a8c6bf6bc","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"fafef21b69080fc59ebe0dd956ec86fe6a359659b6270dfbaea3141a8c6bf6bc","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31.186442Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31.186442Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"n0FkXCB5B1i3qQP3W++rQlYolpy5VvyJO4Bn4jZz+xNfzoZjdAN0jNagXz6uDt+8k6bivUMF75YXaAK/PPNHDg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:05:31.186907Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2105.11827","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":4}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:579a40725827ebef9a5ea779d1e84ab698e20fc1faccabde86698ad31186db92","sha256:54acdb2bce273b1629619ae7d5225b284b4bc3f50cd253c009da9156f39d5442"],"state_sha256":"bbad5f0893b8d4d214ac2e2aca6f75765ef6bd3d98d00b33623e9dfec1ef7700"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"uT+ajhLqwF/h6Xd5zn+bVRBHqEMH6ta4Su1x7qt7Gejz5fiPI3UE88G355qE2zUYDXIbwYC1mzX50k+e6IaTDg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-05T09:06:07.568451Z","bundle_sha256":"c848aca2e70d9607ee6cccd604f32e39f8d84920d1bd8d6095c663f689133680"}}