{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2011:7LPL37ZV3KUP5ESYRXGSNOKNCJ","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"2fcfe6b789d488cc1ceb4453ee739fce0ece3e9fa33669338fc10c9167b3a53a","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2011-06-14T09:40:55Z","title_canon_sha256":"105cf94667cd706cd97c6b4fc7af6b96a7b23859b4cf8e6502d51f6b46024eba"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1106.2652","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1106.2652","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:20:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1106.2652v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:20:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1106.2652","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:20:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7LPL37ZV3KUP","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7LPL37ZV3KUP5ESY","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7LPL37ZV","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:22Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:2fff0473d4f7c4731b00f1b857fbb1165028989d88961c78d3412f1313ced84d","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:20:04Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We look more carefully at the modeling of causality using structural equations. It is clear that the structural equations can have a major impact on the conclusions we draw about causality. In particular, the choice of variables and their values can also have a significant impact on causality. These choices are, to some extent, subjective. We consider what counts as an appropriate choice. More generally, we consider what makes a model an appropriate model, especially if we want to take defaults into account, as was argued is necessary in recent work.","authors_text":"Christopher Hitchcock, Joseph Y. Halpern","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2011-06-14T09:40:55Z","title":"Actual causation and the art of modeling"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1106.2652","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:0c6bfafa5de7cff050a39ffda1193746bed376fb2acbe75b424c6eebc2aa6a81","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:20:04Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"2fcfe6b789d488cc1ceb4453ee739fce0ece3e9fa33669338fc10c9167b3a53a","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2011-06-14T09:40:55Z","title_canon_sha256":"105cf94667cd706cd97c6b4fc7af6b96a7b23859b4cf8e6502d51f6b46024eba"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1106.2652","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"fadebdff35daa8fe92588dcd26b94d125fae50255f11e5770649e7a6d36da6e8","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"fadebdff35daa8fe92588dcd26b94d125fae50255f11e5770649e7a6d36da6e8","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T04:20:04.376539Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T04:20:04.376539Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"gA6r1c6Lr97dv9Tt08HpjGsUlVbkcw1uSf/vuiIgaPqBHmu8ESXAMwPDh3GMlolxMd8j5Po1YCWEB2dhfG6jBg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T04:20:04.376958Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1106.2652","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:0c6bfafa5de7cff050a39ffda1193746bed376fb2acbe75b424c6eebc2aa6a81","sha256:2fff0473d4f7c4731b00f1b857fbb1165028989d88961c78d3412f1313ced84d"],"state_sha256":"cf5feb4bc32eee2c1ac37557cfbfc913362a199417223f751b80444ad133d194"}