{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2016:7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3ORFRYZJNDY","short_pith_number":"pith:7NE6YEIB","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"fb49ec110127861e645b744b1c652d1e12768f2dd2164c1d71bb2b1bc916ccc4","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1603.04078","version":2},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Charge quantization from a number operator","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"hep-th","authors_text":"C. Furey","submitted_at":"2016-03-13T21:26:10Z","abstract_excerpt":"We explain how an unexpected algebraic structure, the division algebras, can be seen to underlie a generation of quarks and leptons. From this new vantage point, electrons and quarks are simply excitations from the neutrino, which formally plays the role of a vacuum state. Using the ladder operators which exist within the system, we build a number operator in the usual way. It turns out that this number operator, divided by 3, mirrors the behaviour of electric charge. As a result, we see that electric charge is quantized because number operators can only take on integer values.\n  Finally, we s"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1603.04078","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"hep-th","submitted_at":"2016-03-13T21:26:10Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"88644f58d27e339a7c99e3361e8875e323fc84b2981d35342ef27d735c3d1cea","abstract_canon_sha256":"f80fb7bb4c35aa3584526ea9f0d933824f359697f49632a845f65de7bdb64661"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:28.357073Z","signature_b64":"nx715eUxKMoHM5Haj4A1dXcMYV2KdEjlBV5HhKCRqHuWKmbvnTJRbn2d3DogUkEW5syua15+zmMhDirEtpfCAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"fb49ec110127861e645b744b1c652d1e12768f2dd2164c1d71bb2b1bc916ccc4","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:28.356639Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:28.356639Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Charge quantization from a number operator","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"hep-th","authors_text":"C. Furey","submitted_at":"2016-03-13T21:26:10Z","abstract_excerpt":"We explain how an unexpected algebraic structure, the division algebras, can be seen to underlie a generation of quarks and leptons. From this new vantage point, electrons and quarks are simply excitations from the neutrino, which formally plays the role of a vacuum state. Using the ladder operators which exist within the system, we build a number operator in the usual way. It turns out that this number operator, divided by 3, mirrors the behaviour of electric charge. As a result, we see that electric charge is quantized because number operators can only take on integer values.\n  Finally, we s"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1603.04078","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1603.04078","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:28.356698+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1603.04078v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:28.356698+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1603.04078","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:28.356698+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7NE6YEIBE6DB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:04.600751+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:04.600751+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7NE6YEIB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:04.600751+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":0,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3ORFRYZJNDY","json":"https://pith.science/pith/7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3ORFRYZJNDY.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3ORFRYZJNDY/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3ORFRYZJNDY/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/7NE6YEIB"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3ORFRYZJNDY","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3ORFRYZJNDY.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/7NE6YEIB","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=1603.04078&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3ORFRYZJNDY/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3ORFRYZJNDY/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3ORFRYZJNDY/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3ORFRYZJNDY/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3ORFRYZJNDY/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3ORFRYZJNDY/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3ORFRYZJNDY/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:28.356698+00:00","updated_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:28.356698+00:00"}