{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3ORFRYZJNDY","short_pith_number":"pith:7NE6YEIB","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1603.04078","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"hep-th","submitted_at":"2016-03-13T21:26:10Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"88644f58d27e339a7c99e3361e8875e323fc84b2981d35342ef27d735c3d1cea","abstract_canon_sha256":"f80fb7bb4c35aa3584526ea9f0d933824f359697f49632a845f65de7bdb64661"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"fb49ec110127861e645b744b1c652d1e12768f2dd2164c1d71bb2b1bc916ccc4","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1603.04078","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1603.04078","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1603.04078v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1603.04078","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7NE6YEIBE6DB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7NE6YEIB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:04Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3ORFRYZJNDY","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1603.04078","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"hep-th","submitted_at":"2016-03-13T21:26:10Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"88644f58d27e339a7c99e3361e8875e323fc84b2981d35342ef27d735c3d1cea","abstract_canon_sha256":"f80fb7bb4c35aa3584526ea9f0d933824f359697f49632a845f65de7bdb64661"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"fb49ec110127861e645b744b1c652d1e12768f2dd2164c1d71bb2b1bc916ccc4","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:28.357073Z","signature_b64":"nx715eUxKMoHM5Haj4A1dXcMYV2KdEjlBV5HhKCRqHuWKmbvnTJRbn2d3DogUkEW5syua15+zmMhDirEtpfCAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"fb49ec110127861e645b744b1c652d1e12768f2dd2164c1d71bb2b1bc916ccc4","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:28.356639Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:28.356639Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1603.04078","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:28Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"D6aXrjTw3BM5FY7/DMlT1VWYgXd9Hok5LX34M6nAvki+Xpy2hILMGPrJsjeHY5xJXsG43MapOoK4QyfspA3VBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-10T05:40:19.596786Z"},"content_sha256":"5951525cf93b7abdba89e4660691ebb8d86c933036ab9009ec9a949b79abb91f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:5951525cf93b7abdba89e4660691ebb8d86c933036ab9009ec9a949b79abb91f"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3ORFRYZJNDY","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Charge quantization from a number operator","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"hep-th","authors_text":"C. Furey","submitted_at":"2016-03-13T21:26:10Z","abstract_excerpt":"We explain how an unexpected algebraic structure, the division algebras, can be seen to underlie a generation of quarks and leptons. From this new vantage point, electrons and quarks are simply excitations from the neutrino, which formally plays the role of a vacuum state. Using the ladder operators which exist within the system, we build a number operator in the usual way. It turns out that this number operator, divided by 3, mirrors the behaviour of electric charge. As a result, we see that electric charge is quantized because number operators can only take on integer values.\n  Finally, we s"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1603.04078","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:28Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"wVO4cR9DVxP8iRjZqRt+82NWgd86v+HI2GUUOvEU+TDMwPTvUUjcJgrfXNswa7a/l259bWYHyT5cuFn8FTfbBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-10T05:40:19.597421Z"},"content_sha256":"2755cd1346652c4100050a1b6be8886d5a004e97b9f3c312d1f7f2573e7d7a79","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:2755cd1346652c4100050a1b6be8886d5a004e97b9f3c312d1f7f2573e7d7a79"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3ORFRYZJNDY/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3ORFRYZJNDY/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3ORFRYZJNDY/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-10T05:40:19Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3ORFRYZJNDY","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3ORFRYZJNDY/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3ORFRYZJNDY/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3ORFRYZJNDY/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3ORFRYZJNDY","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f80fb7bb4c35aa3584526ea9f0d933824f359697f49632a845f65de7bdb64661","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"hep-th","submitted_at":"2016-03-13T21:26:10Z","title_canon_sha256":"88644f58d27e339a7c99e3361e8875e323fc84b2981d35342ef27d735c3d1cea"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1603.04078","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1603.04078","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1603.04078v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1603.04078","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7NE6YEIBE6DB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7NE6YEIBE6DB4ZC3","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7NE6YEIB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:04Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:2755cd1346652c4100050a1b6be8886d5a004e97b9f3c312d1f7f2573e7d7a79","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:28Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We explain how an unexpected algebraic structure, the division algebras, can be seen to underlie a generation of quarks and leptons. From this new vantage point, electrons and quarks are simply excitations from the neutrino, which formally plays the role of a vacuum state. Using the ladder operators which exist within the system, we build a number operator in the usual way. It turns out that this number operator, divided by 3, mirrors the behaviour of electric charge. As a result, we see that electric charge is quantized because number operators can only take on integer values.\n  Finally, we s","authors_text":"C. Furey","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"hep-th","submitted_at":"2016-03-13T21:26:10Z","title":"Charge quantization from a number operator"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1603.04078","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:5951525cf93b7abdba89e4660691ebb8d86c933036ab9009ec9a949b79abb91f","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:28Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f80fb7bb4c35aa3584526ea9f0d933824f359697f49632a845f65de7bdb64661","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"hep-th","submitted_at":"2016-03-13T21:26:10Z","title_canon_sha256":"88644f58d27e339a7c99e3361e8875e323fc84b2981d35342ef27d735c3d1cea"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1603.04078","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"fb49ec110127861e645b744b1c652d1e12768f2dd2164c1d71bb2b1bc916ccc4","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"fb49ec110127861e645b744b1c652d1e12768f2dd2164c1d71bb2b1bc916ccc4","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:28.356639Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:28.356639Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"nx715eUxKMoHM5Haj4A1dXcMYV2KdEjlBV5HhKCRqHuWKmbvnTJRbn2d3DogUkEW5syua15+zmMhDirEtpfCAQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:28.357073Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1603.04078","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:5951525cf93b7abdba89e4660691ebb8d86c933036ab9009ec9a949b79abb91f","sha256:2755cd1346652c4100050a1b6be8886d5a004e97b9f3c312d1f7f2573e7d7a79"],"state_sha256":"f5644ffcd2e1127c87cefbcb3ac84c72879ee6beb54511ac2797ace8c38e8148"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"6snNYf8/YGH2HpQOzjxNid79y/tMJ3EG7uNmE5yN9v73CzbD4uy1uMpFoNl1zy8U5Kh1PZe32S8CPX5RwZSlDQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-10T05:40:19.601977Z","bundle_sha256":"942429b53c0fbf5762697a2cb6320bb375e8a40093e47f2dad53320fd599800d"}}