{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:7O4ADVH35WZGCV6WG44OQSHDTH","short_pith_number":"pith:7O4ADVH3","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2402.02329","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2024-02-04T03:23:17Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"d416d7b1429ef9b90c336cfd13923223e7f62643343af1abaad0e2f566186739","abstract_canon_sha256":"19dcc17aff375ca131042d089c2bb3ee44a243cfa3cc8d12bdf699f758e35df0"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"fbb801d4fbedb26157d63738e848e399cb61d3d51e65a90d7c03282f855afdf9","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2402.02329","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2402.02329","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:41:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2402.02329v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:41:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2402.02329","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:41:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7O4ADVH35WZG","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:41:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7O4ADVH35WZGCV6W","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:41:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7O4ADVH3","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:41:13Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:7O4ADVH35WZGCV6WG44OQSHDTH","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2402.02329","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2024-02-04T03:23:17Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"d416d7b1429ef9b90c336cfd13923223e7f62643343af1abaad0e2f566186739","abstract_canon_sha256":"19dcc17aff375ca131042d089c2bb3ee44a243cfa3cc8d12bdf699f758e35df0"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"fbb801d4fbedb26157d63738e848e399cb61d3d51e65a90d7c03282f855afdf9","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:41:13.435569Z","signature_b64":"gDrzPohvg/Ni89EY6MTJlthtIaKiod1aTyt9MzKypwTiN/MlFQXjt48+p1JCnCfqjbSWwvwl9hiFfKcxQCp6DA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"fbb801d4fbedb26157d63738e848e399cb61d3d51e65a90d7c03282f855afdf9","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:41:13.435228Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:41:13.435228Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2402.02329","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T07:41:13Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ynF2QRgcyqRn7IrxIIaz3s9h1dfZ7lgSLViSWGQM7SwSx06QZ2SoQgSumL6+K5kBa878WmZXF3RbzDFB7vHyBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T15:40:34.507042Z"},"content_sha256":"c705f24e4d8b1653482ec8a0cc5c9ceb374ba24b4c093784286f9442b9e7754f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c705f24e4d8b1653482ec8a0cc5c9ceb374ba24b4c093784286f9442b9e7754f"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:7O4ADVH35WZGCV6WG44OQSHDTH","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Leveraging Local Distributions in Mendelian Randomization: Uncertain Opinions are Invalid","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"stat.ME","authors_text":"Sai Li, Ziya Xu","submitted_at":"2024-02-04T03:23:17Z","abstract_excerpt":"Mendelian randomization (MR) considers using genetic variants as instrumental variables (IVs) to infer causal effects in observational studies. However, the validity of causal inference in MR can be compromised when the IVs are potentially invalid. In this work, we propose a new method, MR-Local, to infer the causal effect in the existence of possibly invalid IVs. By leveraging the distribution of ratio estimates around the true causal effect, MR-Local selects the cluster of ratio estimates with the least uncertainty and performs causal inference within it. We establish the asymptotic normalit"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2402.02329","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2402.02329/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T07:41:13Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"yvc+FYWn9cEMrqCMtUoSlhdPzBH2flzUXxYyh/tRXLRD16OYZRS3xgbB518S+OkMgpUFYPAlFV5XgM5h0Z9UBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T15:40:34.507528Z"},"content_sha256":"dab3478e5f19aa3695799f1f4427992682c940c5a20c75e96c8fc0fb48a66405","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:dab3478e5f19aa3695799f1f4427992682c940c5a20c75e96c8fc0fb48a66405"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7O4ADVH35WZGCV6WG44OQSHDTH/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7O4ADVH35WZGCV6WG44OQSHDTH/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7O4ADVH35WZGCV6WG44OQSHDTH/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-03T15:40:34Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/7O4ADVH35WZGCV6WG44OQSHDTH","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/7O4ADVH35WZGCV6WG44OQSHDTH/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/7O4ADVH35WZGCV6WG44OQSHDTH/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7O4ADVH35WZGCV6WG44OQSHDTH/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:7O4ADVH35WZGCV6WG44OQSHDTH","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"19dcc17aff375ca131042d089c2bb3ee44a243cfa3cc8d12bdf699f758e35df0","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2024-02-04T03:23:17Z","title_canon_sha256":"d416d7b1429ef9b90c336cfd13923223e7f62643343af1abaad0e2f566186739"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2402.02329","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2402.02329","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:41:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2402.02329v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:41:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2402.02329","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:41:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7O4ADVH35WZG","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:41:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7O4ADVH35WZGCV6W","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:41:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7O4ADVH3","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:41:13Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:dab3478e5f19aa3695799f1f4427992682c940c5a20c75e96c8fc0fb48a66405","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:41:13Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2402.02329/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Mendelian randomization (MR) considers using genetic variants as instrumental variables (IVs) to infer causal effects in observational studies. However, the validity of causal inference in MR can be compromised when the IVs are potentially invalid. In this work, we propose a new method, MR-Local, to infer the causal effect in the existence of possibly invalid IVs. By leveraging the distribution of ratio estimates around the true causal effect, MR-Local selects the cluster of ratio estimates with the least uncertainty and performs causal inference within it. We establish the asymptotic normalit","authors_text":"Sai Li, Ziya Xu","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2024-02-04T03:23:17Z","title":"Leveraging Local Distributions in Mendelian Randomization: Uncertain Opinions are Invalid"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2402.02329","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:c705f24e4d8b1653482ec8a0cc5c9ceb374ba24b4c093784286f9442b9e7754f","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:41:13Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"19dcc17aff375ca131042d089c2bb3ee44a243cfa3cc8d12bdf699f758e35df0","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2024-02-04T03:23:17Z","title_canon_sha256":"d416d7b1429ef9b90c336cfd13923223e7f62643343af1abaad0e2f566186739"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2402.02329","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"fbb801d4fbedb26157d63738e848e399cb61d3d51e65a90d7c03282f855afdf9","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"fbb801d4fbedb26157d63738e848e399cb61d3d51e65a90d7c03282f855afdf9","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:41:13.435228Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:41:13.435228Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"gDrzPohvg/Ni89EY6MTJlthtIaKiod1aTyt9MzKypwTiN/MlFQXjt48+p1JCnCfqjbSWwvwl9hiFfKcxQCp6DA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:41:13.435569Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2402.02329","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:c705f24e4d8b1653482ec8a0cc5c9ceb374ba24b4c093784286f9442b9e7754f","sha256:dab3478e5f19aa3695799f1f4427992682c940c5a20c75e96c8fc0fb48a66405"],"state_sha256":"337b74d0b592f6fa5e7d90a8a6971f0d593e730620f66b38138744881f4c51b5"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"T9ZX0SktXlO7SIUs3OYTf5lxnnwn8ruffJ8+cRfPEfxZqNVdiFAV+Ek8PdauR/G3NN1KVG9cS3xre60ear08Dw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T15:40:34.512289Z","bundle_sha256":"970658dd3d6e1cbaf0e7b377f8b97cbe0d87a0bf4769fdd6dcde5a578cc15742"}}