{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:7OZ3SWBS76KZJCLZAPJ2DRHGA7","short_pith_number":"pith:7OZ3SWBS","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1611.09988","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AR","submitted_at":"2016-11-30T03:34:57Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"b2f69eac4539a35834db7a32a520d5685f776464797e7c06fcbc755c787b8ccf","abstract_canon_sha256":"3c8e3f74b202abe6614d3c86b9e68b65dcb940c256874a8e637a7b6406cce4aa"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"fbb3b95832ff9594897903d3a1c4e607de35a8322f5c7df9347f29957719dc16","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1611.09988","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1611.09988","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1611.09988v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1611.09988","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7OZ3SWBS76KZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7OZ3SWBS76KZJCLZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7OZ3SWBS","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:04Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:7OZ3SWBS76KZJCLZAPJ2DRHGA7","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1611.09988","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AR","submitted_at":"2016-11-30T03:34:57Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"b2f69eac4539a35834db7a32a520d5685f776464797e7c06fcbc755c787b8ccf","abstract_canon_sha256":"3c8e3f74b202abe6614d3c86b9e68b65dcb940c256874a8e637a7b6406cce4aa"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"fbb3b95832ff9594897903d3a1c4e607de35a8322f5c7df9347f29957719dc16","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:11.453485Z","signature_b64":"K3aeNOrZ5iouP1pe9NGROeVDapqfcHpoIhFYC5Z73KmzJ7UdQKfjfbIUCRdEiqvP+Ubr5EIXssgS+ckcJt4WBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"fbb3b95832ff9594897903d3a1c4e607de35a8322f5c7df9347f29957719dc16","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:11.452954Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:11.452954Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1611.09988","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:11Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"T164KzzrLbFUxY/0TzCw6qqPByP227jEqIgQtvQvYy4onqdUlZS83m52LYkWOApCMOUgkoArSZFtyOISuiQ+BA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-24T05:27:42.001477Z"},"content_sha256":"75bdf1ddd5098f52e94e7a6a96ffe50d74bb4536bd1ecf01c57fb820e5fc6487","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:75bdf1ddd5098f52e94e7a6a96ffe50d74bb4536bd1ecf01c57fb820e5fc6487"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:7OZ3SWBS76KZJCLZAPJ2DRHGA7","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Buddy-RAM: Improving the Performance and Efficiency of Bulk Bitwise Operations Using DRAM","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.AR","authors_text":"Amirali Boroumand, Donghyuk Lee, Hasan Hassan, Jeremie Kim, Michael A. Kozuch, Onur Mutlu, Phillip B. Gibbons, Thomas Mullins, Todd C. Mowry, Vivek Seshadri","submitted_at":"2016-11-30T03:34:57Z","abstract_excerpt":"Bitwise operations are an important component of modern day programming. Many widely-used data structures (e.g., bitmap indices in databases) rely on fast bitwise operations on large bit vectors to achieve high performance. Unfortunately, in existing systems, regardless of the underlying architecture (e.g., CPU, GPU, FPGA), the throughput of such bulk bitwise operations is limited by the available memory bandwidth.\n  We propose Buddy, a new mechanism that exploits the analog operation of DRAM to perform bulk bitwise operations completely inside the DRAM chip. Buddy consists of two components. "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1611.09988","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:11Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"eXaRACfk1ALLyiOpzxOhb74guIC4Tnel4SdfvqK+li+1ydvmtN6uk9hQ+JcsSfDJiff8dDkL7tdPFspPKz2TAw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-24T05:27:42.002174Z"},"content_sha256":"783be61e2b0c4501c74b7e08e4157107428e8d368e09e097540588950fc9edb1","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:783be61e2b0c4501c74b7e08e4157107428e8d368e09e097540588950fc9edb1"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7OZ3SWBS76KZJCLZAPJ2DRHGA7/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7OZ3SWBS76KZJCLZAPJ2DRHGA7/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7OZ3SWBS76KZJCLZAPJ2DRHGA7/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-24T05:27:42Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/7OZ3SWBS76KZJCLZAPJ2DRHGA7","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/7OZ3SWBS76KZJCLZAPJ2DRHGA7/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/7OZ3SWBS76KZJCLZAPJ2DRHGA7/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7OZ3SWBS76KZJCLZAPJ2DRHGA7/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:7OZ3SWBS76KZJCLZAPJ2DRHGA7","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"3c8e3f74b202abe6614d3c86b9e68b65dcb940c256874a8e637a7b6406cce4aa","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AR","submitted_at":"2016-11-30T03:34:57Z","title_canon_sha256":"b2f69eac4539a35834db7a32a520d5685f776464797e7c06fcbc755c787b8ccf"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1611.09988","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1611.09988","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1611.09988v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1611.09988","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7OZ3SWBS76KZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7OZ3SWBS76KZJCLZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7OZ3SWBS","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:04Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:783be61e2b0c4501c74b7e08e4157107428e8d368e09e097540588950fc9edb1","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:11Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Bitwise operations are an important component of modern day programming. Many widely-used data structures (e.g., bitmap indices in databases) rely on fast bitwise operations on large bit vectors to achieve high performance. Unfortunately, in existing systems, regardless of the underlying architecture (e.g., CPU, GPU, FPGA), the throughput of such bulk bitwise operations is limited by the available memory bandwidth.\n  We propose Buddy, a new mechanism that exploits the analog operation of DRAM to perform bulk bitwise operations completely inside the DRAM chip. Buddy consists of two components. ","authors_text":"Amirali Boroumand, Donghyuk Lee, Hasan Hassan, Jeremie Kim, Michael A. Kozuch, Onur Mutlu, Phillip B. Gibbons, Thomas Mullins, Todd C. Mowry, Vivek Seshadri","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AR","submitted_at":"2016-11-30T03:34:57Z","title":"Buddy-RAM: Improving the Performance and Efficiency of Bulk Bitwise Operations Using DRAM"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1611.09988","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:75bdf1ddd5098f52e94e7a6a96ffe50d74bb4536bd1ecf01c57fb820e5fc6487","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:11Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"3c8e3f74b202abe6614d3c86b9e68b65dcb940c256874a8e637a7b6406cce4aa","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AR","submitted_at":"2016-11-30T03:34:57Z","title_canon_sha256":"b2f69eac4539a35834db7a32a520d5685f776464797e7c06fcbc755c787b8ccf"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1611.09988","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"fbb3b95832ff9594897903d3a1c4e607de35a8322f5c7df9347f29957719dc16","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"fbb3b95832ff9594897903d3a1c4e607de35a8322f5c7df9347f29957719dc16","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:11.452954Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:11.452954Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"K3aeNOrZ5iouP1pe9NGROeVDapqfcHpoIhFYC5Z73KmzJ7UdQKfjfbIUCRdEiqvP+Ubr5EIXssgS+ckcJt4WBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:56:11.453485Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1611.09988","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:75bdf1ddd5098f52e94e7a6a96ffe50d74bb4536bd1ecf01c57fb820e5fc6487","sha256:783be61e2b0c4501c74b7e08e4157107428e8d368e09e097540588950fc9edb1"],"state_sha256":"5f143e002a59f4d57f0ab6f5688b8dee66a8e3a5eb0e1795f78acb0e9e2f4c71"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"vh5i1uWCgfWrOcrFZ91v3TmFryRBQJKJkNFkhZvkHCYZmKt6CKg5ExsjoH1j18aib6Ns2SOL3XqChs5rP9dVCA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-24T05:27:42.006462Z","bundle_sha256":"6e0d9d9255775cfb5a4c31416f635718c983059c095bd9d1b1ad950f12df2192"}}