{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:7UKMLI2WYZCR7LMICU5L4ZNZDE","short_pith_number":"pith:7UKMLI2W","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1803.05445","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2018-03-14T18:00:07Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"19014bea49afbed6b5c63ae178e0af345bc5f6356d5d3d394beefe2561e12ae0","abstract_canon_sha256":"4bc53f539df17ad93de68626452065608ab0d12792b591994339a32f69f9c13c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"fd14c5a356c6451fad88153abe65b9193157062008696586aebf17289d9ca3ff","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1803.05445","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1803.05445","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:00:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1803.05445v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:00:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1803.05445","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:00:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7UKMLI2WYZCR","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7UKMLI2WYZCR7LMI","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7UKMLI2W","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:11Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:7UKMLI2WYZCR7LMICU5L4ZNZDE","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1803.05445","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2018-03-14T18:00:07Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"19014bea49afbed6b5c63ae178e0af345bc5f6356d5d3d394beefe2561e12ae0","abstract_canon_sha256":"4bc53f539df17ad93de68626452065608ab0d12792b591994339a32f69f9c13c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"fd14c5a356c6451fad88153abe65b9193157062008696586aebf17289d9ca3ff","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:00:43.531668Z","signature_b64":"ONb6xeqyupLPiH0TpCcHvDLCiHwvEW9YLjr/o6DnzBP+thSwcdIHr3s9mrN8yFj09/rw+T2C886OlpV+1s7HBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"fd14c5a356c6451fad88153abe65b9193157062008696586aebf17289d9ca3ff","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:00:43.531228Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:00:43.531228Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1803.05445","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:00:43Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"HQ/YldmGT522xgrhnmcvgrohCwUt+IG0gmgDWROf4m2kFyIPsiN5ZNFcf3LRQTHo6NFCJ/I12BeWjyx/05u8DA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T19:02:10.451640Z"},"content_sha256":"19775ad7022c83855f607b8b80951d3e68d051444aa140274a9308dfd1a52533","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:19775ad7022c83855f607b8b80951d3e68d051444aa140274a9308dfd1a52533"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:7UKMLI2WYZCR7LMICU5L4ZNZDE","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Chaos and Variance in Galaxy Formation","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","authors_text":"B.W. Keller, J.M. Diederik Kruijssen, J.W. Wadsley, L. Wang","submitted_at":"2018-03-14T18:00:07Z","abstract_excerpt":"The evolution of galaxies is governed by equations with chaotic solutions: gravity and compressible hydrodynamics. While this micro-scale chaos and stochasticity has been well studied, it is poorly understood how it couples to macro-scale properties examined in simulations of galaxy formation. In this paper, we show how perturbations introduced by floating-point roundoff, random number generators, and seemingly trivial differences in algorithmic behaviour can produce non-trivial differences in star formation histories, circumgalactic medium (CGM) properties, and the distribution of stellar mas"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1803.05445","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:00:43Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"VIwA6c/krTVbvIys7KKXb3ToEFFWmPICgXD5QOu1Wn2bihQYS0EjmhpLQwirnwB0Ms3o0bU1G6RdTeoXtOnHCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T19:02:10.451972Z"},"content_sha256":"7d19d0091dc80dcbd0d6cb0fc97812e2f3f54f8831b5aef41acbd65b70c2ba4f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7d19d0091dc80dcbd0d6cb0fc97812e2f3f54f8831b5aef41acbd65b70c2ba4f"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7UKMLI2WYZCR7LMICU5L4ZNZDE/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7UKMLI2WYZCR7LMICU5L4ZNZDE/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7UKMLI2WYZCR7LMICU5L4ZNZDE/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-02T19:02:10Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/7UKMLI2WYZCR7LMICU5L4ZNZDE","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/7UKMLI2WYZCR7LMICU5L4ZNZDE/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/7UKMLI2WYZCR7LMICU5L4ZNZDE/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7UKMLI2WYZCR7LMICU5L4ZNZDE/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:7UKMLI2WYZCR7LMICU5L4ZNZDE","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4bc53f539df17ad93de68626452065608ab0d12792b591994339a32f69f9c13c","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2018-03-14T18:00:07Z","title_canon_sha256":"19014bea49afbed6b5c63ae178e0af345bc5f6356d5d3d394beefe2561e12ae0"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1803.05445","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1803.05445","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:00:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1803.05445v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:00:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1803.05445","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:00:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7UKMLI2WYZCR","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7UKMLI2WYZCR7LMI","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7UKMLI2W","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:11Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:7d19d0091dc80dcbd0d6cb0fc97812e2f3f54f8831b5aef41acbd65b70c2ba4f","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:00:43Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The evolution of galaxies is governed by equations with chaotic solutions: gravity and compressible hydrodynamics. While this micro-scale chaos and stochasticity has been well studied, it is poorly understood how it couples to macro-scale properties examined in simulations of galaxy formation. In this paper, we show how perturbations introduced by floating-point roundoff, random number generators, and seemingly trivial differences in algorithmic behaviour can produce non-trivial differences in star formation histories, circumgalactic medium (CGM) properties, and the distribution of stellar mas","authors_text":"B.W. Keller, J.M. Diederik Kruijssen, J.W. Wadsley, L. Wang","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2018-03-14T18:00:07Z","title":"Chaos and Variance in Galaxy Formation"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1803.05445","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:19775ad7022c83855f607b8b80951d3e68d051444aa140274a9308dfd1a52533","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:00:43Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4bc53f539df17ad93de68626452065608ab0d12792b591994339a32f69f9c13c","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2018-03-14T18:00:07Z","title_canon_sha256":"19014bea49afbed6b5c63ae178e0af345bc5f6356d5d3d394beefe2561e12ae0"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1803.05445","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"fd14c5a356c6451fad88153abe65b9193157062008696586aebf17289d9ca3ff","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"fd14c5a356c6451fad88153abe65b9193157062008696586aebf17289d9ca3ff","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:00:43.531228Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:00:43.531228Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"ONb6xeqyupLPiH0TpCcHvDLCiHwvEW9YLjr/o6DnzBP+thSwcdIHr3s9mrN8yFj09/rw+T2C886OlpV+1s7HBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:00:43.531668Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1803.05445","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:19775ad7022c83855f607b8b80951d3e68d051444aa140274a9308dfd1a52533","sha256:7d19d0091dc80dcbd0d6cb0fc97812e2f3f54f8831b5aef41acbd65b70c2ba4f"],"state_sha256":"2077d50b62066440ca63a7ab3bf69a3c5ffded55a730cbb1af4d61fe7ba48528"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"RkWbt3LKNImO+1jJ9KgOVyx724lU0xY2yeygN/dya3g5cGkDaH+/Ituis8wS/JCN9ReyATHHHl63HWVpsGoyBA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T19:02:10.453876Z","bundle_sha256":"6478aad30f450c2f57518256e62844404140af9e6af7ce10797797e0657c03d2"}}