{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:7UNRUSV4GLC7N5HQSNC5LCJ4CY","short_pith_number":"pith:7UNRUSV4","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1407.3132","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"hep-ph","submitted_at":"2014-07-11T12:36:10Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO"],"title_canon_sha256":"6dfbf9e4d25aa929cd301227857fccc90b1f91d2c5515b76e24a2375688a6a09","abstract_canon_sha256":"30b90bfd1fb959310ee375876b2f72bf9ff921995d9893fb1e67aefaf363275b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"fd1b1a4abc32c5f6f4f09345d5893c1614888223a08acff61469a8d44d80709e","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1407.3132","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1407.3132","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1407.3132v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1407.3132","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7UNRUSV4GLC7","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7UNRUSV4GLC7N5HQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7UNRUSV4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:19Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:7UNRUSV4GLC7N5HQSNC5LCJ4CY","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1407.3132","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"hep-ph","submitted_at":"2014-07-11T12:36:10Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO"],"title_canon_sha256":"6dfbf9e4d25aa929cd301227857fccc90b1f91d2c5515b76e24a2375688a6a09","abstract_canon_sha256":"30b90bfd1fb959310ee375876b2f72bf9ff921995d9893fb1e67aefaf363275b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"fd1b1a4abc32c5f6f4f09345d5893c1614888223a08acff61469a8d44d80709e","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:37.613779Z","signature_b64":"NFaT9EWHqR53UpapDcnTm/j510r242eFRYxPq+up4iX1Xr9b5BHqHJiO04+qifgtqb+PD9YrHHxby3ab8HweBw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"fd1b1a4abc32c5f6f4f09345d5893c1614888223a08acff61469a8d44d80709e","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:37.613207Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:37.613207Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1407.3132","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:37Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"PXMrj6H3p2z4HkpAxOyi9j/IfYjiD3ia5AHysRWwtjTs2spYZjBgtMZpQjSWcS/gmKjtvW9FGWPVLCSrldfiDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T22:31:44.965636Z"},"content_sha256":"f22cb5e98ce3a1452ef6cd5a1e28cd37b89cca66df37067f70667246bdd18330","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:f22cb5e98ce3a1452ef6cd5a1e28cd37b89cca66df37067f70667246bdd18330"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:7UNRUSV4GLC7N5HQSNC5LCJ4CY","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"From Boltzmann equations to steady wall velocities","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph.CO"],"primary_cat":"hep-ph","authors_text":"Germano Nardini, Ingo Rues, Thomas Konstandin","submitted_at":"2014-07-11T12:36:10Z","abstract_excerpt":"By means of a relativistic microscopic approach we calculate the expansion velocity of bubbles generated during a first-order electroweak phase transition. In particular, we use the gradient expansion of the Kadanoff-Baym equations to set up the fluid system. This turns out to be equivalent to the one found in the semi-classical approach in the non-relativistic limit. Finally, by including hydrodynamic deflagration effects and solving the Higgs equations of motion in the fluid, we determine velocity and thickness of the bubble walls. Our findings are compared with phenomenological models of wa"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1407.3132","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:37Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"3F3hkuJn4e9wiKCFXm7m+FxKs2bPNrjVAkzOYQ+r+h9WoxhQreB0hM1MwcDq2nb0J0OCo95iJ5XsGSz96SVPAw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T22:31:44.966226Z"},"content_sha256":"6b8a5c7a4c02948515deb79bb8484573ec7e182149bab32bc6d4a22862bc186a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:6b8a5c7a4c02948515deb79bb8484573ec7e182149bab32bc6d4a22862bc186a"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7UNRUSV4GLC7N5HQSNC5LCJ4CY/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7UNRUSV4GLC7N5HQSNC5LCJ4CY/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7UNRUSV4GLC7N5HQSNC5LCJ4CY/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-25T22:31:44Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/7UNRUSV4GLC7N5HQSNC5LCJ4CY","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/7UNRUSV4GLC7N5HQSNC5LCJ4CY/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/7UNRUSV4GLC7N5HQSNC5LCJ4CY/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7UNRUSV4GLC7N5HQSNC5LCJ4CY/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:7UNRUSV4GLC7N5HQSNC5LCJ4CY","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"30b90bfd1fb959310ee375876b2f72bf9ff921995d9893fb1e67aefaf363275b","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"hep-ph","submitted_at":"2014-07-11T12:36:10Z","title_canon_sha256":"6dfbf9e4d25aa929cd301227857fccc90b1f91d2c5515b76e24a2375688a6a09"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1407.3132","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1407.3132","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1407.3132v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1407.3132","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7UNRUSV4GLC7","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7UNRUSV4GLC7N5HQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7UNRUSV4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:19Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:6b8a5c7a4c02948515deb79bb8484573ec7e182149bab32bc6d4a22862bc186a","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:37Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"By means of a relativistic microscopic approach we calculate the expansion velocity of bubbles generated during a first-order electroweak phase transition. In particular, we use the gradient expansion of the Kadanoff-Baym equations to set up the fluid system. This turns out to be equivalent to the one found in the semi-classical approach in the non-relativistic limit. Finally, by including hydrodynamic deflagration effects and solving the Higgs equations of motion in the fluid, we determine velocity and thickness of the bubble walls. Our findings are compared with phenomenological models of wa","authors_text":"Germano Nardini, Ingo Rues, Thomas Konstandin","cross_cats":["astro-ph.CO"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"hep-ph","submitted_at":"2014-07-11T12:36:10Z","title":"From Boltzmann equations to steady wall velocities"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1407.3132","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:f22cb5e98ce3a1452ef6cd5a1e28cd37b89cca66df37067f70667246bdd18330","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:37Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"30b90bfd1fb959310ee375876b2f72bf9ff921995d9893fb1e67aefaf363275b","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"hep-ph","submitted_at":"2014-07-11T12:36:10Z","title_canon_sha256":"6dfbf9e4d25aa929cd301227857fccc90b1f91d2c5515b76e24a2375688a6a09"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1407.3132","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"fd1b1a4abc32c5f6f4f09345d5893c1614888223a08acff61469a8d44d80709e","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"fd1b1a4abc32c5f6f4f09345d5893c1614888223a08acff61469a8d44d80709e","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:37.613207Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:37.613207Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"NFaT9EWHqR53UpapDcnTm/j510r242eFRYxPq+up4iX1Xr9b5BHqHJiO04+qifgtqb+PD9YrHHxby3ab8HweBw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:37.613779Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1407.3132","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:f22cb5e98ce3a1452ef6cd5a1e28cd37b89cca66df37067f70667246bdd18330","sha256:6b8a5c7a4c02948515deb79bb8484573ec7e182149bab32bc6d4a22862bc186a"],"state_sha256":"f26379ca544c38c188bf57e69e383fbfda6d91a7f12bebbbd767d7c02673623a"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"V7GX9nKZKbFmcKXrzSGXTccDW5CKivpsb9pRVYQDti1xQcAPL54SrWrB8gdaE1JSSW7Y/hE5ULv7R2OEmbvADw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T22:31:44.968734Z","bundle_sha256":"84abc9c217dadf0051944efad201aab0ba562fd7e389630c9a1ffae1e2da5b12"}}