{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:7VIDXQ55GBIN6P5WXC6IIHZLPU","short_pith_number":"pith:7VIDXQ55","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1806.03934","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.NE","submitted_at":"2018-06-11T12:21:55Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.ET","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"17282817a16ce48548f01fc9596be7b04e389dabc6a8403d24b5733adcc2c2ef","abstract_canon_sha256":"22fc962ee55eac928f6e2f8af959ec6af5624e42d5cb4e17f4bc0fed85257dbc"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"fd503bc3bd3050df3fb6b8bc841f2b7d3b7907d8e2e53016ed5711ff1c70ec58","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1806.03934","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1806.03934","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1806.03934v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1806.03934","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7VIDXQ55GBIN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7VIDXQ55GBIN6P5W","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7VIDXQ55","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:11Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:7VIDXQ55GBIN6P5WXC6IIHZLPU","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1806.03934","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.NE","submitted_at":"2018-06-11T12:21:55Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.ET","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"17282817a16ce48548f01fc9596be7b04e389dabc6a8403d24b5733adcc2c2ef","abstract_canon_sha256":"22fc962ee55eac928f6e2f8af959ec6af5624e42d5cb4e17f4bc0fed85257dbc"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"fd503bc3bd3050df3fb6b8bc841f2b7d3b7907d8e2e53016ed5711ff1c70ec58","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:41.499042Z","signature_b64":"u1Sk6328YOlvw3jxyMG3KagjzA60sKnXSvENOXiMbNTrvlZQL6RjM4l33MNXMoOcXbW9fGI9kfMXis7ZsXX2Bg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"fd503bc3bd3050df3fb6b8bc841f2b7d3b7907d8e2e53016ed5711ff1c70ec58","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:41.498347Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:41.498347Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1806.03934","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:41Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"y+3/4BseWIcysfGFOr0hVrgjBAm9zNE3FYGaZKTAMytTPcRd8k7qENeFGcIhGoyUTwvJ2oiCQZ7+PwD6/AqzCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-03T06:15:03.093776Z"},"content_sha256":"392e093d1b58e9341e931a7b9f8b159a0935aa3b100db1b8361f3e70c596deca","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:392e093d1b58e9341e931a7b9f8b159a0935aa3b100db1b8361f3e70c596deca"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:7VIDXQ55GBIN6P5WXC6IIHZLPU","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"When and where do feed-forward neural networks learn localist representations?","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.ET","cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"cs.NE","authors_text":"Ella M. Gale, Jeffrey S. Bowers, Nicolas Martin","submitted_at":"2018-06-11T12:21:55Z","abstract_excerpt":"According to parallel distributed processing (PDP) theory in psychology, neural networks (NN) learn distributed rather than interpretable localist representations. This view has been held so strongly that few researchers have analysed single units to determine if this assumption is correct. However, recent results from psychology, neuroscience and computer science have shown the occasional existence of local codes emerging in artificial and biological neural networks. In this paper, we undertake the first systematic survey of when local codes emerge in a feed-forward neural network, using gene"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1806.03934","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:41Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"svF1nj4JrB+Pnu//tH73XIjWom8Z02Lcwvky8LlM/T7O+GYqkN3qPnDbuMLPLJrtbo9kV/UIY0jBW2iFcSrKCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-03T06:15:03.094132Z"},"content_sha256":"1869f7654fee8f23b47afb67e0e6a37ddd29252e14cc60ded5d93fdd6bc566a6","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:1869f7654fee8f23b47afb67e0e6a37ddd29252e14cc60ded5d93fdd6bc566a6"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7VIDXQ55GBIN6P5WXC6IIHZLPU/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7VIDXQ55GBIN6P5WXC6IIHZLPU/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7VIDXQ55GBIN6P5WXC6IIHZLPU/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-03T06:15:03Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/7VIDXQ55GBIN6P5WXC6IIHZLPU","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/7VIDXQ55GBIN6P5WXC6IIHZLPU/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/7VIDXQ55GBIN6P5WXC6IIHZLPU/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7VIDXQ55GBIN6P5WXC6IIHZLPU/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:7VIDXQ55GBIN6P5WXC6IIHZLPU","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"22fc962ee55eac928f6e2f8af959ec6af5624e42d5cb4e17f4bc0fed85257dbc","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.ET","cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.NE","submitted_at":"2018-06-11T12:21:55Z","title_canon_sha256":"17282817a16ce48548f01fc9596be7b04e389dabc6a8403d24b5733adcc2c2ef"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1806.03934","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1806.03934","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1806.03934v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1806.03934","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7VIDXQ55GBIN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7VIDXQ55GBIN6P5W","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7VIDXQ55","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:11Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:1869f7654fee8f23b47afb67e0e6a37ddd29252e14cc60ded5d93fdd6bc566a6","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:41Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"According to parallel distributed processing (PDP) theory in psychology, neural networks (NN) learn distributed rather than interpretable localist representations. This view has been held so strongly that few researchers have analysed single units to determine if this assumption is correct. However, recent results from psychology, neuroscience and computer science have shown the occasional existence of local codes emerging in artificial and biological neural networks. In this paper, we undertake the first systematic survey of when local codes emerge in a feed-forward neural network, using gene","authors_text":"Ella M. Gale, Jeffrey S. Bowers, Nicolas Martin","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.ET","cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.NE","submitted_at":"2018-06-11T12:21:55Z","title":"When and where do feed-forward neural networks learn localist representations?"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1806.03934","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:392e093d1b58e9341e931a7b9f8b159a0935aa3b100db1b8361f3e70c596deca","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:41Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"22fc962ee55eac928f6e2f8af959ec6af5624e42d5cb4e17f4bc0fed85257dbc","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.ET","cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.NE","submitted_at":"2018-06-11T12:21:55Z","title_canon_sha256":"17282817a16ce48548f01fc9596be7b04e389dabc6a8403d24b5733adcc2c2ef"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1806.03934","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"fd503bc3bd3050df3fb6b8bc841f2b7d3b7907d8e2e53016ed5711ff1c70ec58","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"fd503bc3bd3050df3fb6b8bc841f2b7d3b7907d8e2e53016ed5711ff1c70ec58","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:41.498347Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:41.498347Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"u1Sk6328YOlvw3jxyMG3KagjzA60sKnXSvENOXiMbNTrvlZQL6RjM4l33MNXMoOcXbW9fGI9kfMXis7ZsXX2Bg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:41.499042Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1806.03934","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:392e093d1b58e9341e931a7b9f8b159a0935aa3b100db1b8361f3e70c596deca","sha256:1869f7654fee8f23b47afb67e0e6a37ddd29252e14cc60ded5d93fdd6bc566a6"],"state_sha256":"ad7b7fd61ad16c2684b46771a2d4d13d4e9ad981ea620cdcbdb37a5b4a10fc29"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"FDL3EkAvg6O4vFsOoMMHCjFKYzvXtMS8e3+mPWesEuosxWMmotVHTZ1ataO/TgdJjs7de085JOKUfmraDB6LDw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-03T06:15:03.096184Z","bundle_sha256":"0fa45dac63bfc95ece0cf9e2ea8037722fb8d731759a4d4afa57dcabdfe8ed23"}}