{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:7ZU2DWE24ZSXEVPVP3IW2E7ED7","short_pith_number":"pith:7ZU2DWE2","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2501.13952","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-01-20T06:35:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"739733e9a8b285be116ae734b5fd2ba707889453f96483d853622b6582506b59","abstract_canon_sha256":"e51f0346193a31bdc26e4a334eb89a98c844c1d80e9004ebdd7f94140e7737b0"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"fe69a1d89ae6657255f57ed16d13e41febbb18c48a2e3d218fdbfc897ca2a1f7","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2501.13952","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2501.13952","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:20:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2501.13952v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:20:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2501.13952","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:20:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7ZU2DWE24ZSX","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:20:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7ZU2DWE24ZSXEVPV","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:20:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7ZU2DWE2","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:20:43Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:7ZU2DWE24ZSXEVPVP3IW2E7ED7","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2501.13952","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-01-20T06:35:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"739733e9a8b285be116ae734b5fd2ba707889453f96483d853622b6582506b59","abstract_canon_sha256":"e51f0346193a31bdc26e4a334eb89a98c844c1d80e9004ebdd7f94140e7737b0"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"fe69a1d89ae6657255f57ed16d13e41febbb18c48a2e3d218fdbfc897ca2a1f7","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:20:43.120016Z","signature_b64":"YwxLLjRij9Sz5o8lS7KsxyB2tb/9YT1BIPXncSLgEaBWzbLfnuYKkDmTKYJpmWZfFO2JioXgRiWaukX5ge4qBg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"fe69a1d89ae6657255f57ed16d13e41febbb18c48a2e3d218fdbfc897ca2a1f7","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:20:43.119507Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:20:43.119507Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2501.13952","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:20:43Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"85ITvdq7Yn4nWNUVJcU9BzsEco2fjg7p1xbNBfZ53ulpZ/0nFMR7tjarY01LyJx8p3pHSMDYWM7gjDz+U/m9DA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-18T19:56:46.152530Z"},"content_sha256":"1f2fc8504e96d4fd278f81e9c47071615b1037328d58e35e7c4d3e7b20f148b5","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:1f2fc8504e96d4fd278f81e9c47071615b1037328d58e35e7c4d3e7b20f148b5"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:7ZU2DWE24ZSXEVPVP3IW2E7ED7","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"The Dual-use Dilemma in LLMs: Do Empowering Ethical Capacities Make a Degraded Utility?","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Kexin Chen, Pheng-Ann Heng, Xilin Dang, Xingyu Chen, Yiyi Zhang, Yuyang Du","submitted_at":"2025-01-20T06:35:01Z","abstract_excerpt":"Recent years have witnessed extensive efforts to enhance Large Language Models (LLMs) across various domains, alongside growing attention to their ethical implications. However, a critical challenge remains largely overlooked: LLMs must balance between rejecting harmful requests for safety and accommodating legitimate ones for utility. This paper presents a Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) based alignment framework that achieves better overall performance by addressing this ethical-utility trade-off, using chemical domain applications as a proof-of-concept. Our alignment pipeline starts wi"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2501.13952","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2501.13952/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:20:43Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"liRAuSL9eudfgo36TwaJTD6+rZMRLbHj0VuRwQCd1ulZeRBiT2+wfWt2sr2l0PVmsM5bRKvs3zuDNHciWEW5Dw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-18T19:56:46.153194Z"},"content_sha256":"0944fd726e45d18f1d6a1b6d6f76bf2e6efee4ea700c1e17317cd67df4f2969b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:0944fd726e45d18f1d6a1b6d6f76bf2e6efee4ea700c1e17317cd67df4f2969b"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7ZU2DWE24ZSXEVPVP3IW2E7ED7/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/7ZU2DWE24ZSXEVPVP3IW2E7ED7/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7ZU2DWE24ZSXEVPVP3IW2E7ED7/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-18T19:56:46Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/7ZU2DWE24ZSXEVPVP3IW2E7ED7","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/7ZU2DWE24ZSXEVPVP3IW2E7ED7/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/7ZU2DWE24ZSXEVPVP3IW2E7ED7/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/7ZU2DWE24ZSXEVPVP3IW2E7ED7/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:7ZU2DWE24ZSXEVPVP3IW2E7ED7","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e51f0346193a31bdc26e4a334eb89a98c844c1d80e9004ebdd7f94140e7737b0","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-01-20T06:35:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"739733e9a8b285be116ae734b5fd2ba707889453f96483d853622b6582506b59"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2501.13952","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2501.13952","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:20:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2501.13952v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:20:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2501.13952","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:20:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"7ZU2DWE24ZSX","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:20:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"7ZU2DWE24ZSXEVPV","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:20:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"7ZU2DWE2","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:20:43Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:0944fd726e45d18f1d6a1b6d6f76bf2e6efee4ea700c1e17317cd67df4f2969b","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:20:43Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2501.13952/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Recent years have witnessed extensive efforts to enhance Large Language Models (LLMs) across various domains, alongside growing attention to their ethical implications. However, a critical challenge remains largely overlooked: LLMs must balance between rejecting harmful requests for safety and accommodating legitimate ones for utility. This paper presents a Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) based alignment framework that achieves better overall performance by addressing this ethical-utility trade-off, using chemical domain applications as a proof-of-concept. Our alignment pipeline starts wi","authors_text":"Kexin Chen, Pheng-Ann Heng, Xilin Dang, Xingyu Chen, Yiyi Zhang, Yuyang Du","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-01-20T06:35:01Z","title":"The Dual-use Dilemma in LLMs: Do Empowering Ethical Capacities Make a Degraded Utility?"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2501.13952","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:1f2fc8504e96d4fd278f81e9c47071615b1037328d58e35e7c4d3e7b20f148b5","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:20:43Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e51f0346193a31bdc26e4a334eb89a98c844c1d80e9004ebdd7f94140e7737b0","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-01-20T06:35:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"739733e9a8b285be116ae734b5fd2ba707889453f96483d853622b6582506b59"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2501.13952","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"fe69a1d89ae6657255f57ed16d13e41febbb18c48a2e3d218fdbfc897ca2a1f7","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"fe69a1d89ae6657255f57ed16d13e41febbb18c48a2e3d218fdbfc897ca2a1f7","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:20:43.119507Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:20:43.119507Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"YwxLLjRij9Sz5o8lS7KsxyB2tb/9YT1BIPXncSLgEaBWzbLfnuYKkDmTKYJpmWZfFO2JioXgRiWaukX5ge4qBg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:20:43.120016Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2501.13952","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:1f2fc8504e96d4fd278f81e9c47071615b1037328d58e35e7c4d3e7b20f148b5","sha256:0944fd726e45d18f1d6a1b6d6f76bf2e6efee4ea700c1e17317cd67df4f2969b"],"state_sha256":"4867ec966fedc60f55216b7beae694e1ca3bf2e8703dea19049dd16a3f532d93"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"6z6ugSQj+YrgT5F2nSJ03NysgXWj4U59wyx57Qg9Gxuvaxcvc8Q3jRDLRJvRj8v6KvCMH0VB3xLncOVELOo+AA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-18T19:56:46.159955Z","bundle_sha256":"f35e61e36e539d567b581945cfec4e69c77beda8977d17c6d6e1924d8cd88696"}}