{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:A3D76RHEJ6LPVE6RY7NMGOIVNA","short_pith_number":"pith:A3D76RHE","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2204.01723","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2022-04-04T04:41:59Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.NE","q-bio.NC"],"title_canon_sha256":"425e6a59ddc9a40aa36b37bfdeb1562711b635d61d72eea708ddb995b7383ca5","abstract_canon_sha256":"384b903b2d81a688f304dd407b0ffe35f81f697f2d4dcc5f78099dd7a841dde2"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"06c7ff44e44f96fa93d1c7dac339156800a5183acddda23a11abc895d43cccd2","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2204.01723","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2204.01723","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2204.01723v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2204.01723","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"A3D76RHEJ6LP","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"A3D76RHEJ6LPVE6R","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"A3D76RHE","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:01Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:A3D76RHEJ6LPVE6RY7NMGOIVNA","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2204.01723","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2022-04-04T04:41:59Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.NE","q-bio.NC"],"title_canon_sha256":"425e6a59ddc9a40aa36b37bfdeb1562711b635d61d72eea708ddb995b7383ca5","abstract_canon_sha256":"384b903b2d81a688f304dd407b0ffe35f81f697f2d4dcc5f78099dd7a841dde2"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"06c7ff44e44f96fa93d1c7dac339156800a5183acddda23a11abc895d43cccd2","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:01.743837Z","signature_b64":"9HIUxzNq3D6BU0BnLrCh/gTI2VCP5YcY0hovwSJ12cod+gG8wC2FQu7zBbhGKxIIJcZWGV+vZFiF2QpRowRBDg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"06c7ff44e44f96fa93d1c7dac339156800a5183acddda23a11abc895d43cccd2","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:01.743292Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:01.743292Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2204.01723","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:01Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"YQmZx17gfcuqA0svW+NPrdEHPHwAh2ZbZNErZtlNqELqfrkCN+hcnozo2ZQsCmkXqOzjBMTanV/Sj43aM0fQCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T17:12:45.195460Z"},"content_sha256":"bcace6188b5742e45fc417249d4cfc8019342f1c10aa0f1f1b17fb60b5c067c1","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:bcace6188b5742e45fc417249d4cfc8019342f1c10aa0f1f1b17fb60b5c067c1"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:A3D76RHEJ6LPVE6RY7NMGOIVNA","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Signal Propagation: A Framework for Learning and Inference In a Forward Pass","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.NE","q-bio.NC"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Adam Kohan, Edward A. Rietman, Hava T. Siegelmann","submitted_at":"2022-04-04T04:41:59Z","abstract_excerpt":"We propose a new learning framework, signal propagation (sigprop), for propagating a learning signal and updating neural network parameters via a forward pass, as an alternative to backpropagation. In sigprop, there is only the forward path for inference and learning. So, there are no structural or computational constraints necessary for learning to take place, beyond the inference model itself, such as feedback connectivity, weight transport, or a backward pass, which exist under backpropagation based approaches. That is, sigprop enables global supervised learning with only a forward path. Th"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2204.01723","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2204.01723/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:01Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"rrr4ccxTF1mj/wF9ptxcNmpffHlEOZxdKzCMORYzVeanly4hYgHJvbAHa6W56er6x64ItRsCq7Jo6ZhDRXcGDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T17:12:45.196033Z"},"content_sha256":"45c8573923cfd64fd28bb9c14544b427f03f7630cebbf27c7c1cc811404d6699","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:45c8573923cfd64fd28bb9c14544b427f03f7630cebbf27c7c1cc811404d6699"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/A3D76RHEJ6LPVE6RY7NMGOIVNA/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/A3D76RHEJ6LPVE6RY7NMGOIVNA/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/A3D76RHEJ6LPVE6RY7NMGOIVNA/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-07T17:12:45Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/A3D76RHEJ6LPVE6RY7NMGOIVNA","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/A3D76RHEJ6LPVE6RY7NMGOIVNA/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/A3D76RHEJ6LPVE6RY7NMGOIVNA/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/A3D76RHEJ6LPVE6RY7NMGOIVNA/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:A3D76RHEJ6LPVE6RY7NMGOIVNA","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"384b903b2d81a688f304dd407b0ffe35f81f697f2d4dcc5f78099dd7a841dde2","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.NE","q-bio.NC"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2022-04-04T04:41:59Z","title_canon_sha256":"425e6a59ddc9a40aa36b37bfdeb1562711b635d61d72eea708ddb995b7383ca5"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2204.01723","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2204.01723","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2204.01723v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2204.01723","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"A3D76RHEJ6LP","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"A3D76RHEJ6LPVE6R","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"A3D76RHE","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:01Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:45c8573923cfd64fd28bb9c14544b427f03f7630cebbf27c7c1cc811404d6699","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:01Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2204.01723/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We propose a new learning framework, signal propagation (sigprop), for propagating a learning signal and updating neural network parameters via a forward pass, as an alternative to backpropagation. In sigprop, there is only the forward path for inference and learning. So, there are no structural or computational constraints necessary for learning to take place, beyond the inference model itself, such as feedback connectivity, weight transport, or a backward pass, which exist under backpropagation based approaches. That is, sigprop enables global supervised learning with only a forward path. Th","authors_text":"Adam Kohan, Edward A. Rietman, Hava T. Siegelmann","cross_cats":["cs.NE","q-bio.NC"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2022-04-04T04:41:59Z","title":"Signal Propagation: A Framework for Learning and Inference In a Forward Pass"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2204.01723","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:bcace6188b5742e45fc417249d4cfc8019342f1c10aa0f1f1b17fb60b5c067c1","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:01Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"384b903b2d81a688f304dd407b0ffe35f81f697f2d4dcc5f78099dd7a841dde2","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.NE","q-bio.NC"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2022-04-04T04:41:59Z","title_canon_sha256":"425e6a59ddc9a40aa36b37bfdeb1562711b635d61d72eea708ddb995b7383ca5"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2204.01723","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"06c7ff44e44f96fa93d1c7dac339156800a5183acddda23a11abc895d43cccd2","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"06c7ff44e44f96fa93d1c7dac339156800a5183acddda23a11abc895d43cccd2","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:01.743292Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:01.743292Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"9HIUxzNq3D6BU0BnLrCh/gTI2VCP5YcY0hovwSJ12cod+gG8wC2FQu7zBbhGKxIIJcZWGV+vZFiF2QpRowRBDg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:01.743837Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2204.01723","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:bcace6188b5742e45fc417249d4cfc8019342f1c10aa0f1f1b17fb60b5c067c1","sha256:45c8573923cfd64fd28bb9c14544b427f03f7630cebbf27c7c1cc811404d6699"],"state_sha256":"692f48baa125b4a28f1f018e1172df5b0fc1586d36d76f6685b9bb5f06dfd037"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"2zSN/51ad/kyxuMn8PHbY2og4/CgTXGH1O+LN2htz8pZSViBFK7lMzn2Wts1RPwOo2lS10CtrGlVjS+9b9sJDw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T17:12:45.200238Z","bundle_sha256":"ad844dd74209d5aebbc3dad3fc58aa2381e423411a4c6472e19a0c69d334c9c6"}}