{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:A5LROVMEWELSDKSL5PKRPP35BB","short_pith_number":"pith:A5LROVME","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1805.12452","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"math.OC","submitted_at":"2018-05-31T13:14:31Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"b731acf151969d96f0d1913228abb69996c8118acb2fd84fc755fc7ab88ef4a4","abstract_canon_sha256":"5078fdc1094f79dfc121942a00aa75297b8a250f35dca47a51208c299fd7023b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0757175584b11721aa4bebd517bf7d087982b7699f3e8edb5a30affb0c43a69b","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1805.12452","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1805.12452","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1805.12452v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1805.12452","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"A5LROVMEWELS","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"A5LROVMEWELSDKSL","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"A5LROVME","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:13Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:A5LROVMEWELSDKSL5PKRPP35BB","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1805.12452","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"math.OC","submitted_at":"2018-05-31T13:14:31Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"b731acf151969d96f0d1913228abb69996c8118acb2fd84fc755fc7ab88ef4a4","abstract_canon_sha256":"5078fdc1094f79dfc121942a00aa75297b8a250f35dca47a51208c299fd7023b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0757175584b11721aa4bebd517bf7d087982b7699f3e8edb5a30affb0c43a69b","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:57.342745Z","signature_b64":"5H3QsalFqGe7ZObhT0Pp4Jj4SQrfcP4NxoWCOq7BLj9F4ND81+0k+Elq8a5wusQzxIl72re0FdFvMH1giMZZAA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"0757175584b11721aa4bebd517bf7d087982b7699f3e8edb5a30affb0c43a69b","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:57.341980Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:57.341980Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1805.12452","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:57Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"jMmedJKw2i9NcGMCI8jclYZPeJ61GzzH9YY4CMA6JEzTTGQ7lzuhh8S9rDrrY+NcY4kuhEK5pqJfp1utjxP8Dw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T18:53:46.751825Z"},"content_sha256":"e38689ee9362bc1950b2ade4c562f2caaeae61f905c8eb234b4d47e88d5be0b7","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e38689ee9362bc1950b2ade4c562f2caaeae61f905c8eb234b4d47e88d5be0b7"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:A5LROVMEWELSDKSL5PKRPP35BB","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Grid-side Flexibility of Power Systems in Integrating Large-scale Renewable Generations: A Critical Review on Concepts, Formulations and Solution Approaches","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"math.OC","authors_text":"Chengcheng Shao, Feng Liu, Jia Li, Xinyuan Liu, Zuyi Li","submitted_at":"2018-05-31T13:14:31Z","abstract_excerpt":"Though considerable effort has been devoted to exploiting generation-side and demand-side operational flexibility in order to cope with uncertain renewable generations, grid-side operational flexibility has not been fully investigated. In this review, we define grid-side flexibility as the ability of a power network to deploy its flexibility resources to cope with the changes of power system state, particularly due to variation of renewable generation. Starting with a survey on the metrics of operational flexibility, we explain the definition from both physical and mathematical point of views."},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1805.12452","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:57Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"D8oi/OvmbLWy3DNOrfulTqLUoMvlFedOVWvyT5v1CvGqrVy4Or0RhhTz3ds47DKxiD/UGCG0cKFK7uX8gXh9AA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T18:53:46.752264Z"},"content_sha256":"179247d10013c5ed1c41bfb83e98513e08c9acc5d2e008763ac1cfb0e9cffb7c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:179247d10013c5ed1c41bfb83e98513e08c9acc5d2e008763ac1cfb0e9cffb7c"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/A5LROVMEWELSDKSL5PKRPP35BB/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/A5LROVMEWELSDKSL5PKRPP35BB/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/A5LROVMEWELSDKSL5PKRPP35BB/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-25T18:53:46Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/A5LROVMEWELSDKSL5PKRPP35BB","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/A5LROVMEWELSDKSL5PKRPP35BB/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/A5LROVMEWELSDKSL5PKRPP35BB/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/A5LROVMEWELSDKSL5PKRPP35BB/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:A5LROVMEWELSDKSL5PKRPP35BB","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5078fdc1094f79dfc121942a00aa75297b8a250f35dca47a51208c299fd7023b","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"math.OC","submitted_at":"2018-05-31T13:14:31Z","title_canon_sha256":"b731acf151969d96f0d1913228abb69996c8118acb2fd84fc755fc7ab88ef4a4"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1805.12452","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1805.12452","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1805.12452v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1805.12452","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"A5LROVMEWELS","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"A5LROVMEWELSDKSL","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"A5LROVME","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:13Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:179247d10013c5ed1c41bfb83e98513e08c9acc5d2e008763ac1cfb0e9cffb7c","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:57Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Though considerable effort has been devoted to exploiting generation-side and demand-side operational flexibility in order to cope with uncertain renewable generations, grid-side operational flexibility has not been fully investigated. In this review, we define grid-side flexibility as the ability of a power network to deploy its flexibility resources to cope with the changes of power system state, particularly due to variation of renewable generation. Starting with a survey on the metrics of operational flexibility, we explain the definition from both physical and mathematical point of views.","authors_text":"Chengcheng Shao, Feng Liu, Jia Li, Xinyuan Liu, Zuyi Li","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"math.OC","submitted_at":"2018-05-31T13:14:31Z","title":"Grid-side Flexibility of Power Systems in Integrating Large-scale Renewable Generations: A Critical Review on Concepts, Formulations and Solution Approaches"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1805.12452","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:e38689ee9362bc1950b2ade4c562f2caaeae61f905c8eb234b4d47e88d5be0b7","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:57Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5078fdc1094f79dfc121942a00aa75297b8a250f35dca47a51208c299fd7023b","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"math.OC","submitted_at":"2018-05-31T13:14:31Z","title_canon_sha256":"b731acf151969d96f0d1913228abb69996c8118acb2fd84fc755fc7ab88ef4a4"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1805.12452","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"0757175584b11721aa4bebd517bf7d087982b7699f3e8edb5a30affb0c43a69b","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"0757175584b11721aa4bebd517bf7d087982b7699f3e8edb5a30affb0c43a69b","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:57.341980Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:57.341980Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"5H3QsalFqGe7ZObhT0Pp4Jj4SQrfcP4NxoWCOq7BLj9F4ND81+0k+Elq8a5wusQzxIl72re0FdFvMH1giMZZAA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:13:57.342745Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1805.12452","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:e38689ee9362bc1950b2ade4c562f2caaeae61f905c8eb234b4d47e88d5be0b7","sha256:179247d10013c5ed1c41bfb83e98513e08c9acc5d2e008763ac1cfb0e9cffb7c"],"state_sha256":"d5967bed36be01b5dcd5587e6ac5b2228ba1ddffb3e42e8897947bea5aa1a334"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"yjytv0djqSQ72aDgdg+qzz65J9aEvVcoT3E1q1soYNj3wBP3PcgJ2ic1dCLmwe4oG+Zfi4Rx6l2CeBMJDUyyCw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T18:53:46.755674Z","bundle_sha256":"48faa00db1095aff58cf90434f6673030b2cf579eb23e06a7bda31e783a88607"}}