{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:ACTIHA2FCR45DNOSVD3COY4TKP","short_pith_number":"pith:ACTIHA2F","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2004.09984","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2020-04-21T13:30:02Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"3272ba78737d747fd77bdeb3f092e7f2bd89d1256590a9a0e5de4b5e7a762e90","abstract_canon_sha256":"ac225bd20c1c63fb14cc0d3d6e0f703007d828c4586fb0cc7f2020f2882627de"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"00a68383451479d1b5d2a8f627639353ca619aeea22c7909fa307998fb411868","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2004.09984","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2004.09984","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:39:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2004.09984v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:39:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2004.09984","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:39:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ACTIHA2FCR45","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:39:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ACTIHA2FCR45DNOS","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:39:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ACTIHA2F","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:39:43Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:ACTIHA2FCR45DNOSVD3COY4TKP","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2004.09984","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2020-04-21T13:30:02Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"3272ba78737d747fd77bdeb3f092e7f2bd89d1256590a9a0e5de4b5e7a762e90","abstract_canon_sha256":"ac225bd20c1c63fb14cc0d3d6e0f703007d828c4586fb0cc7f2020f2882627de"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"00a68383451479d1b5d2a8f627639353ca619aeea22c7909fa307998fb411868","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:39:43.268959Z","signature_b64":"pgjwZ2GBHFYHYFyxFQtYXDuyMmqcuabzJeRSRh3b2SLGnnhRkGeUre1ZQsqIL5uOhKB/mc6vTVv8ETo9Ea9mBQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"00a68383451479d1b5d2a8f627639353ca619aeea22c7909fa307998fb411868","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:39:43.268546Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:39:43.268546Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2004.09984","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:39:43Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"/a2YGGzz//IBbVzw+BzRbL/lOylNGz5sL/2m1O9+yfUNYYr3CROgZHYpQM4nR0b2kdb0x9Y56AEbB+NB0uBOAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T23:27:54.030520Z"},"content_sha256":"27e2a8a377ab8a923a58166d014a98a8b5dad51825dce7d64f9fe3ef71ed51a2","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:27e2a8a377ab8a923a58166d014a98a8b5dad51825dce7d64f9fe3ef71ed51a2"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:ACTIHA2FCR45DNOSVD3COY4TKP","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"BERT-ATTACK: Adversarial Attack Against BERT Using BERT","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Linyang Li, Qipeng Guo, Ruotian Ma, Xiangyang Xue, Xipeng Qiu","submitted_at":"2020-04-21T13:30:02Z","abstract_excerpt":"Adversarial attacks for discrete data (such as texts) have been proved significantly more challenging than continuous data (such as images) since it is difficult to generate adversarial samples with gradient-based methods. Current successful attack methods for texts usually adopt heuristic replacement strategies on the character or word level, which remains challenging to find the optimal solution in the massive space of possible combinations of replacements while preserving semantic consistency and language fluency. In this paper, we propose \\textbf{BERT-Attack}, a high-quality and effective "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2004.09984","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2004.09984/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:39:43Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Xq98r2mMl87NG80S8Qc+Ynm55V6GF87TguK+8ucJJHcVNZhv/44JALims55z/FewtEVc5M7KWSXzpffwvXIeDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T23:27:54.031403Z"},"content_sha256":"7a557f33faa424cb62de31221994c80ba821491d0e2075493bf2af8b8c9b2197","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7a557f33faa424cb62de31221994c80ba821491d0e2075493bf2af8b8c9b2197"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/ACTIHA2FCR45DNOSVD3COY4TKP/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/ACTIHA2FCR45DNOSVD3COY4TKP/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/ACTIHA2FCR45DNOSVD3COY4TKP/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-05T23:27:54Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/ACTIHA2FCR45DNOSVD3COY4TKP","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/ACTIHA2FCR45DNOSVD3COY4TKP/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/ACTIHA2FCR45DNOSVD3COY4TKP/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/ACTIHA2FCR45DNOSVD3COY4TKP/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:ACTIHA2FCR45DNOSVD3COY4TKP","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ac225bd20c1c63fb14cc0d3d6e0f703007d828c4586fb0cc7f2020f2882627de","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2020-04-21T13:30:02Z","title_canon_sha256":"3272ba78737d747fd77bdeb3f092e7f2bd89d1256590a9a0e5de4b5e7a762e90"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2004.09984","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2004.09984","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:39:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2004.09984v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:39:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2004.09984","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:39:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ACTIHA2FCR45","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:39:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ACTIHA2FCR45DNOS","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:39:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ACTIHA2F","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:39:43Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:7a557f33faa424cb62de31221994c80ba821491d0e2075493bf2af8b8c9b2197","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:39:43Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2004.09984/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Adversarial attacks for discrete data (such as texts) have been proved significantly more challenging than continuous data (such as images) since it is difficult to generate adversarial samples with gradient-based methods. Current successful attack methods for texts usually adopt heuristic replacement strategies on the character or word level, which remains challenging to find the optimal solution in the massive space of possible combinations of replacements while preserving semantic consistency and language fluency. In this paper, we propose \\textbf{BERT-Attack}, a high-quality and effective ","authors_text":"Linyang Li, Qipeng Guo, Ruotian Ma, Xiangyang Xue, Xipeng Qiu","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2020-04-21T13:30:02Z","title":"BERT-ATTACK: Adversarial Attack Against BERT Using BERT"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2004.09984","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:27e2a8a377ab8a923a58166d014a98a8b5dad51825dce7d64f9fe3ef71ed51a2","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:39:43Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ac225bd20c1c63fb14cc0d3d6e0f703007d828c4586fb0cc7f2020f2882627de","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2020-04-21T13:30:02Z","title_canon_sha256":"3272ba78737d747fd77bdeb3f092e7f2bd89d1256590a9a0e5de4b5e7a762e90"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2004.09984","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"00a68383451479d1b5d2a8f627639353ca619aeea22c7909fa307998fb411868","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"00a68383451479d1b5d2a8f627639353ca619aeea22c7909fa307998fb411868","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:39:43.268546Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:39:43.268546Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"pgjwZ2GBHFYHYFyxFQtYXDuyMmqcuabzJeRSRh3b2SLGnnhRkGeUre1ZQsqIL5uOhKB/mc6vTVv8ETo9Ea9mBQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:39:43.268959Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2004.09984","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:27e2a8a377ab8a923a58166d014a98a8b5dad51825dce7d64f9fe3ef71ed51a2","sha256:7a557f33faa424cb62de31221994c80ba821491d0e2075493bf2af8b8c9b2197"],"state_sha256":"de1e83d4e815905b3986979a39c4af173ca1aee86f787a56e22984dce07892d5"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"/aJx4n8DZ9cxtykwUz+ckaV9dk5ZVzDi/77GMtbLKl7uGmjVFBOx64X/Dm9pSTxRMBl1TVwips57Ku/GmcldCA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T23:27:54.091990Z","bundle_sha256":"1e48c16b9330306afbf0f704927f7a28d8e50735d641e342318a3a20de509936"}}