{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:AEH7EHJ2WX2QNINISZ4XJDF4XA","short_pith_number":"pith:AEH7EHJ2","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2303.12860","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-03-22T18:49:43Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"e5d407171e125344a1c76993772ad62c3c7ff4a3dbad8766fa7d2f92cc920175","abstract_canon_sha256":"6b742b8a89b14e31df7ef3f29bd6f9842cb282bf312595c62cc6051337b833ee"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"010ff21d3ab5f506a1a89679748cbcb826e9d1968f89e8b464a8110831c7dbd2","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2303.12860","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2303.12860","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2303.12860v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2303.12860","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"AEH7EHJ2WX2Q","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"AEH7EHJ2WX2QNINI","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"AEH7EHJ2","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:54Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:AEH7EHJ2WX2QNINISZ4XJDF4XA","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2303.12860","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-03-22T18:49:43Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"e5d407171e125344a1c76993772ad62c3c7ff4a3dbad8766fa7d2f92cc920175","abstract_canon_sha256":"6b742b8a89b14e31df7ef3f29bd6f9842cb282bf312595c62cc6051337b833ee"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"010ff21d3ab5f506a1a89679748cbcb826e9d1968f89e8b464a8110831c7dbd2","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:54.578393Z","signature_b64":"2DqrHrqnQQbBOI/j21haNcn6SJassg8NsHd9p0r0BsAfI+sZHfym+Q71FWScvVwL8UjWm1sgzYIbB2TLy6pKDQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"010ff21d3ab5f506a1a89679748cbcb826e9d1968f89e8b464a8110831c7dbd2","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:54.578020Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:54.578020Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2303.12860","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:54Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ykOzt7ET8O3E0kGU7wg4Nn0mVX935jW40m4qgjkhLBTTcbhwh+PQul8j4g4jOJ3dX3etHgvsfQvBuh0PABV6BQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-04T00:29:14.576467Z"},"content_sha256":"b1c3746c15a5b0897d0463f41a0a0d6844d10f1d15926e5d9de2f5afc1044d19","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b1c3746c15a5b0897d0463f41a0a0d6844d10f1d15926e5d9de2f5afc1044d19"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:AEH7EHJ2WX2QNINISZ4XJDF4XA","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Salient Span Masking for Temporal Understanding","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Aditi Chaudhary, Bhuwan Dhingra, Jeremy R. Cole, Partha Talukdar","submitted_at":"2023-03-22T18:49:43Z","abstract_excerpt":"Salient Span Masking (SSM) has shown itself to be an effective strategy to improve closed-book question answering performance. SSM extends general masked language model pretraining by creating additional unsupervised training sentences that mask a single entity or date span, thus oversampling factual information. Despite the success of this paradigm, the span types and sampling strategies are relatively arbitrary and not widely studied for other tasks. Thus, we investigate SSM from the perspective of temporal tasks, where learning a good representation of various temporal expressions is import"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2303.12860","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2303.12860/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:54Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"TA0xexVjFOvb/edFeTyqgCr46IhpW8veYL1ZwIn7W52IH5aiACer0i+t6y1RSxXJlmN6AmbJ51qWXgGCUsdcDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-04T00:29:14.576968Z"},"content_sha256":"283681b8577e710ccdc605da1b626e62c5ec7c7941351d3aa0ba7f45eff0a341","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:283681b8577e710ccdc605da1b626e62c5ec7c7941351d3aa0ba7f45eff0a341"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/AEH7EHJ2WX2QNINISZ4XJDF4XA/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/AEH7EHJ2WX2QNINISZ4XJDF4XA/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/AEH7EHJ2WX2QNINISZ4XJDF4XA/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-04T00:29:14Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/AEH7EHJ2WX2QNINISZ4XJDF4XA","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/AEH7EHJ2WX2QNINISZ4XJDF4XA/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/AEH7EHJ2WX2QNINISZ4XJDF4XA/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/AEH7EHJ2WX2QNINISZ4XJDF4XA/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:AEH7EHJ2WX2QNINISZ4XJDF4XA","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"6b742b8a89b14e31df7ef3f29bd6f9842cb282bf312595c62cc6051337b833ee","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-03-22T18:49:43Z","title_canon_sha256":"e5d407171e125344a1c76993772ad62c3c7ff4a3dbad8766fa7d2f92cc920175"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2303.12860","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2303.12860","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2303.12860v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2303.12860","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"AEH7EHJ2WX2Q","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"AEH7EHJ2WX2QNINI","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"AEH7EHJ2","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:54Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:283681b8577e710ccdc605da1b626e62c5ec7c7941351d3aa0ba7f45eff0a341","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:54Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2303.12860/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Salient Span Masking (SSM) has shown itself to be an effective strategy to improve closed-book question answering performance. SSM extends general masked language model pretraining by creating additional unsupervised training sentences that mask a single entity or date span, thus oversampling factual information. Despite the success of this paradigm, the span types and sampling strategies are relatively arbitrary and not widely studied for other tasks. Thus, we investigate SSM from the perspective of temporal tasks, where learning a good representation of various temporal expressions is import","authors_text":"Aditi Chaudhary, Bhuwan Dhingra, Jeremy R. Cole, Partha Talukdar","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-03-22T18:49:43Z","title":"Salient Span Masking for Temporal Understanding"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2303.12860","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:b1c3746c15a5b0897d0463f41a0a0d6844d10f1d15926e5d9de2f5afc1044d19","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:54Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"6b742b8a89b14e31df7ef3f29bd6f9842cb282bf312595c62cc6051337b833ee","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-03-22T18:49:43Z","title_canon_sha256":"e5d407171e125344a1c76993772ad62c3c7ff4a3dbad8766fa7d2f92cc920175"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2303.12860","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"010ff21d3ab5f506a1a89679748cbcb826e9d1968f89e8b464a8110831c7dbd2","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"010ff21d3ab5f506a1a89679748cbcb826e9d1968f89e8b464a8110831c7dbd2","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:54.578020Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:54.578020Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"2DqrHrqnQQbBOI/j21haNcn6SJassg8NsHd9p0r0BsAfI+sZHfym+Q71FWScvVwL8UjWm1sgzYIbB2TLy6pKDQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:53:54.578393Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2303.12860","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:b1c3746c15a5b0897d0463f41a0a0d6844d10f1d15926e5d9de2f5afc1044d19","sha256:283681b8577e710ccdc605da1b626e62c5ec7c7941351d3aa0ba7f45eff0a341"],"state_sha256":"75df8e3016c237edbea7ad6c51faa618d55c4bd79ae0a17b7be60418b9929088"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"lHSR/48tOst/f2/KydnNs46cdgvhkmXbgoN6ph1wcnvtYIjBe1wmMlvOxaliXwJwTpvysG6GyODX90eMlVS4CQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-04T00:29:14.580384Z","bundle_sha256":"df9bc918a629b984fcc53aecc50ab1bcb1168be89c7b10e2183cdb84796fbb0f"}}